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Animal Physiology I > Lecture 2: cardiac Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 2: cardiac Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 main components needed for a circulatory system?
a) red blood cells, pumps, tubes
b) pumps, tubes and fluid
c) red blood cells, white blood cells, tubes
e) All of the above

A

b) Pumps, a system of tubes & fluid

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2
Q

Which of the following is an example of a contractile chamber pump?

A) The squeezing action of skeletal muscles to propel blood.

B) The chambers of the human heart that contract to pump blood.

C) Pulsating blood vessels found in invertebrates.

D) The flow of blood through capillaries due to passive diffusion.

A

B) The chambers of the human heart that contract to pump blood

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3
Q

How do skeletal muscle pumps function in the human body?

A) They contract to directly pump blood through the heart chambers.

B) They contract around blood vessels, especially in the legs, to help return blood to the heart.

C) They generate pressure in the lungs to aid in gas exchange.

D) They create pulsating movements in blood vessels to circulate blood.

A

B) contract around blood vessels particularly in legs to help return blood back to heart

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4
Q

Which of the following best describes pulsating blood vessels as a type of pump?

A) They are found in humans as the primary mechanism for pumping blood.

B) They consist of specialized muscles around veins in the legs that propel blood to the heart.

C) They are tube-like structures found in invertebrates and early vertebrate embryos, where blood is circulated by rhythmic contractions.

D) They are the chambers in the human heart responsible for oxygenating blood.

A

c)

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5
Q

Which of the following organisms would most likely rely on pulsating blood vessels to circulate blood?

A) An adult human

B) A larval insect

C) A bird in flight

D) A whale swimming in the ocean

A

B) a larval insect

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6
Q

Fish have a ____ chambered heart and circuit.

A

2 chambered heart
1 circuit

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7
Q

Frogs have a __ chambered heart and ___ circuit.

A

3 chambered heart and 2 circuits

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8
Q

Turtles and Lizards have ___ chambered hearts.

A

5 chambered hearts

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9
Q

What do crocodiles, birds and mammals all have in common?
a) having 2 circuits
b) having a 4 chambered heart
c) both a and b
d) lungs

A

c)

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10
Q

Which of the following animals has one circulatory circuit?
A) Frogs

B) Humans

C) Fish

D) Birds

A

c) Fish

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11
Q

As vertebrates transition from water to land, what becomes increasingly prominent in the circulatory system?

A) The combination of the respiratory and digestive systems.

B) The development of more muscular hearts for higher metabolic demands.

C) The separation of the pulmonary circuit from the systemic circuit, enabling more efficient oxygen transport.

D) The reduction of blood vessels in the extremities.

A

c) the seperation of the pulmonary circuit from the systemic circuit allowing for more effcient oxygen transport

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12
Q

Which of the following is true about the structure of a fish heart?

A) Fish have four heart chambers like mammals.

B) Fish have one atrium and one ventricle, making it a two-chambered heart.

C) Fish hearts have valves that are actively controlled by the nervous system.

D) Blood flows through multiple separate circuits like in amphibians.

A

B) fish have one atrium and one ventricle making it a 2 chambered heart

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13
Q

What role do passive valves play in the fish heart?

A) They open and close in response to electrical signals.

B) They prevent blood from flowing backwards by opening and closing based on pressure differences.

C) Ensure unidirectional blood flow

D) They ensure that blood flows directly into the spongy myocardium.

E) All of the above

F) B, C and D

A

F) b, c and d

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14
Q

In cartilaginous fish like sharks and rays, what is the equivalent structure to the bulbous arteriosus in teleosts?

A) Sinus venosus

B) Conus arteriosus

C) Aortic arch

D) Ventral aorta

A

b) Conus arteriosus

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15
Q

How does blood flow through the fish heart?

A) Blood flows in a single direction from the sinus venosus through the heart chambers and out through the bulbous arteriosus.

B) Blood flows in a closed loop from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

C) Blood circulates in two separate circuits, one for the body and one for the lungs.

D) Blood circulates randomly within the heart chambers, propelled by passive valves.

A

a) blood flows in one direction from sinus venosus through the heart chambers and comes out via the bulbous arteriousus

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16
Q

How many chambers are present in a Amphbian’s heart ?
a) Two
b) Three
c) Four
d) Five

A

b) 3

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17
Q

What type of blood does the right atrium receive in a Frog’s heart?
a) Oxygenated blood from the lungs
b) Deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation; oxygentaed from the skin
c) Deoxygenated blood from the lungs
d) Oxygenated blood from the skin

A

B) Deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation; oxygenated from skin

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18
Q

What is the function of the trabeculae in an amphibian’s heart ?
a) To pump blood to the lungs
b) To separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
c) To help with gas exchange
d) To maintain pressure in the ventricle

A

b) seperate oxy and deoxygenated blood

19
Q

What structure helps keep the blood separate in the conus arteriosus in Amphibians?
a) Spiral fold
b) Trabeculae
c) Valves
d) Septum

A

a) spiral fold

20
Q

In Amphibian hearts, where does the left atrium receive blood from?
a) Systemic circulation
b) The skin
c) The lungs
d) The ventricle

A

c) the lungs

21
Q

Why is it important that deoxygenated and oxygenated blood are kept seperate in the ventricles?

Short answer

A

It is important to keep the oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate so that the body can efficiently deliver oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide, without mixing the two.

22
Q

How many chambers are present in the heart of turtles, lizards, and snakes?
a) Three
b) Four
c) Five
d) Six

A

c) 5

23
Q

Which ventricle in Snakes, lizards and turtles leads to the systemic aorta?
a) Cavum pulmonale
b) Cavum venosum
c) Cavum arteriosum
d) Right atrium

A

b) Cavum venosum

24
Q

Which ventricle in Snakes, lizards and turtles leads to the pulmonary artery?
a) Cavum arteriosum
b) Cavum pulmonale
c) Cavum venosum
d) none of the above

A

b) cavum pulmonale

25
Q

Snakes, lizards and turtles have how many atria and ventricles?
a) 1 atria; 2 ventricles
b) 2 atria; 1 ventricle
c) 2 atria; 2 ventricles
d) 2 atria; 3 ventricles

A

b) 2 atria; 1 ventricle

26
Q

What happens to deoxygenated blood during a right-to-left (RL) shunt in reptiles?
a) It is sent to the pulmonary artery for oxygenation
b) It is sent to the left atrium
c) It is sent to the R and L aortas and systemic circulation
d) It is sent to the lungs directly

A

C) R & L aortas for systemic circulation

27
Q

In what situation would reptiles commonly perform a right-to-left shunt?
a) When diving
b) During high activity like running
c) During feeding
d) When exposed to high oxygen environments

A

a) diving

28
Q

What is thought to be the purpose of a left-to-right (LR) shunt in reptiles?
a) To deliver oxygenated blood to the systemic circulation
b) To conserve oxygen when holding their breath
c) To oxygenate the tissues of the right side of the heart
d) To bypass the lungs and prevent oxygenation

A

c)

29
Q

Describe the path of deoxygenated blood during a right-to-left shunt and explain why reptiles use this mechanism.

short answer

A

In a right-to-left (RL) shunt, deoxygenated blood from the right atrium bypasses the lungs and is directed into the systemic aortas via the Cavum venosum, where it flows into the body’s systemic circulation. Reptiles use this mechanism, particularly when diving, to conserve energy and prioritize blood flow to tissues and muscles, since sending blood to the lungs for oxygenation is unnecessary when they are not breathing.

30
Q

Explain how a left-to-right shunt works and why some researchers believe reptiles use it

short answer

A

In a left-to-right (LR) shunt, oxygenated blood from the left atrium is directed into the pulmonary artery, bypassing systemic circulation and returning to the lungs. Some researchers believe reptiles use this mechanism to provide additional oxygenation to the tissues of the right side of the heart, though the exact function is still debated

31
Q

Explain the process of how blood flows through the mamalian heart.

Short answer

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood flows from tissues of body and into R atrium
  2. from R atrium flows into atroventrcular valve into R ventricle
  3. R ventricle pumps blood into pulmonary valve into pulmonary circuit
  4. Oxygenated blood now comes from the pulmonary circuit to left atrium
  5. flows to atroventricular valve into L ventricle
  6. Left Ventricle pumps blood through aortic valve into systemic circuit
32
Q

What type of myocardium do mammals and birds have?
a) Spongy myocardium
b) Compact myocardium
c) Trabeculated myocardium
d) Smooth myocardium

A

b) compact myocardium

33
Q

Which of the following supplies oxygenated blood to the heart muscle?
a) Pulmonary veins
b) Coronary arteries
c) Aorta
d) Vena cava

A

b) coronary arteries

34
Q

What type of myocardium do teleosts (bony fish) possess?
a) Compact myocardium
b) Spongy myocardium
c) Smooth myocardium
d) Trabeculated myocardium

A

b) spongy myocardium

35
Q

Which of the following species has a compact myocardium and coronary vessels?
a) All teleosts
b) Mammals only
c) Tuna
d) Most octopuses

A

c) Tuna

36
Q

What is the main drawback of the ancestral heart found in teleosts?
a) It is too large.
b) It does not have coronary vessels.
c) It does not allow for efficient blood flow.
d) The blood is not well oxygenated.

A

d)

37
Q

Movement from the atria to the ventricles relies on ________.

fill in the blank

A

pressure gradients

38
Q

________ of the ventricles actively moves blood to aorta or pulmonary artery.

fil in the blank

A

contractions

39
Q

During which phase of the cardiac cycle does the heart fill with blood?
a) Systole
b) Diastole
c) Ventricular contraction
d) Atrial relaxation

A

b) Diastole

40
Q

What happens during ventricular contraction (systole)?
a) Blood flows into the atria
b) Blood is forced into the aorta and pulmonary artery
c) The heart relaxes to refill
d) Blood is filtered through the valves

A

b)

41
Q

What is the formula for calculating cardiac output (CO)?
a) CO = HR + SV
b) CO = HR × SV
c) CO = SV / HR
d) CO = HR - SV

A

B) Cardiac Output = HR X SV

42
Q

Which of the following statements is true regarding the Frank-Starling mechanism?
a) It allows the heart to pump less blood during high physical activity.
b) It ensures that cardiac output is independent of venous return.
c) It helps maintain balance between blood input and output in the heart.
d) It primarily regulates blood pressure without affecting stroke volume.

A

c) helps to maintain balance b/t blood input and output

43
Q

Describe the relationship between ventricular filling and actin-myosin overlap during the Frank-Starling mechanism.

short answer

A

As the ventricles fill with more blood, the myocardial fibers stretch, which increases the overlap between actin and myosin filaments. This optimal overlap enhances the force of contraction during systole (ventricular contraction), resulting in a greater stroke volume.

44
Q
A

Animal Physiology I (8 decks)

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