Lecture 1: What is Physiology?/Cardiac Physiology Flashcards
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What are the two questions regarding how animal physiology works?
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Proximate (mechanism):
- explains how an organism works
- how it is built functionally -
Ultimate (cause):
- explains why it is built a certain way
- need to consider impact evolutionary change and adaptive significance
What are two main coping strategies when dealing with changing conditions?
a) Conformers and Mediators
b) Conformers and Regulators
c) Regulators and Mediators
b) conformers and regulators
allows an animal to change internal conditions to external conditions
Conformer
allows an animal to maintain a relatively constant internal conditions regardless of external conditions
Regulator
A salmon enters a river from the sea and its body temperature changes as the river water is warmer than that of the sea however its blood concentration of CL- remains constant despite the river water having a diluted concentration of CL and sea water being very high. What strategy matches with the Salmon?
a) Conformer
b) Regulator
c) mediator
d) both a & b
e) none of the above
d) both conforming with respect to temp and regulator in terms of CL concentration
Which of the following scenarios best illustrates phenotypic flexibility (reversible acclimation) rather than phenotypic plasticity (non-reversible)?
A) Two genetically identical trees, one growing in a sunny environment and the other in a shady environment, develop different leaf shapes.
B) A person who moves from sea level to a high-altitude environment develops an increased lung capacity after several months but reverts to normal after returning to sea level.
C) A set of identical twins raised in different environments have different heights in adulthood.
D) A species of insect develops a different wing color depending on the temperature during its development, and this color remains for life.
b) this represents phenotypic flexibility because it is reversible. The individual reverts to normal lung capacity after returning to sea level
Homeostasis is most often regulated by which type of feedback mechanism?
A) Positive feedback
B) Reflex control pathways
C) Negative feedback
D) Endocrine regulation
c) Negative feedback
Body size influences which of the following in animals?
A) The amount of food an animal needs to consume daily.
B) The biochemical and physical patterns that affect molecular interactions and energy use.
C) The type of habitat an animal can live in.
D) The species’ reproductive strategies.
B) the biochemical and physical patterns that affect molecular interactions and energy consumption
Which of the following is an example of an antagonistic control mechanism in the body?
A) Blood clotting in response to a cut.
B) Sweating when it’s hot and shivering when it’s cold to regulate body temperature.
C) The release of insulin after eating to lower blood sugar levels.
D) A sprinter’s muscles increasing in size after consistent training.
b)
Which of the following is an example of a feedback loop that helps maintain homeostasis?
A) A person’s heart rate increasing during exercise and decreasing during rest.
B) An increase in body temperature causing the body to sweat in order to cool down.
C) A plant turning towards the direction of sunlight to maximize photosynthesis.
D) A person’s pupils constricting in bright light.
B) increase in body temp causing the body to sweat in order to cool down
Which of the following is an example of organization at the cellular level in animals?
A) A population of foxes hunting for food.
B) Muscle cells in a pheasant contracting to help it escape from a predator.
C) The food web in an ecosystem involving predators and prey.
D) The inheritance of physical traits from parents to offspring.
B) Muscle cells in a pheasant contracting to help it escape
Which of the following best illustrates biochemical organization in a pheasant’s muscle?
A) The arrangement of muscle fibers into tissues for coordinated movement.
B) The role of citrate synthase in speeding up the production of ATP, allowing for sustained muscle activity.
C) The connection between the brain and muscle through neurons for controlling movement.
D) The formation of bones in the skeletal system.
b)
Which of the following best represents the evolutionary level of organization?
A) A fox successfully hunting pheasants in its habitat.
B) A pheasant population developing faster running speeds over generations due to selection pressure from predation.
C) The role of citrate synthase in muscle cells to produce energy.
D) The relationship between a predator and its prey within an ecosystem.
b
Which of the following is an example of an ecological level of organization?
A) The structure of muscle fibers in a pheasant’s legs.
B) A fox chasing a pheasant, influencing population sizes in the ecosystem.
C) A change in the genetic makeup of pheasants over generations due to natural selection.
D) The production of ATP in muscle cells during a chase.
b)
