Lecture 6 - Cellular Energetics Flashcards
What is catabolism
The breakdown of large food molecules (polymers) into smaller molecules (monomers)
What are proteins broken down into
Amino Acids
What are polysaccharides broken down into
simple sugars –> glucose
What is the formula for converting ADP back into ATP
ADP + Phosphate + Energy —> ATP
What is oxidation in terms of electrons?
Loses Electons
What is reduction in terms of electrons?
Gains Electrons
What is NAD+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
What is FAD
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide
What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration?
- glycolysis
- Pyruvate oxidation to form Acetyl-CoA
- Citric acid cycle/Krebs cycle
- Oxidative phosphorylation
What does 1 molecule of glucose produce
2 Pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH
What happens to pyruvate when it lacks oxygen
Remains in the Cytosol
What happens to pyruvate when it has oxygen
Transported to the Mitochondria
What happens to pyruvate when it has oxygen
Transported to the Mitochondria
What is Gluconeogenesis
an anabolic pathway to synthesise glucose
Where does fermentation take place?
in the cytoplasm to break down pyruvate. This is due to the absence of oxygen
What happens to pyruvate in lactic fermentation
Reduces into Lactic Acid
What happens to pyruvate in ethanol fermentation
Reduces to ethanol + CO2
Where does lactic fermentation occur
in the muscles when it lacks oxygen
Where does ethanol fermentation occur
in bacteria and yeast cells
What causes cramps
A build-up in lactic acid
What is the formula for Lactic Fermentation?
Glucose + 2ADP -2Pi → 2 Lactate +2ATP + 2 H20
What is the formula for Ethanol Fermentation?
Glucose + 2ADP -2Pi → 2 Ethanol + 2CO2 + 2ATP + 2H2O
What breaks down stored fats
Lipase hydrolyses ester bonds to release fatty acids
How many protein complexes are in the inner mitochondrial membrane
4
What is the role of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane?
They act as electron carriers
