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BMSC > Lecture 6 (Aerobic Respiration & Mitochondria) > Flashcards

Lecture 6 (Aerobic Respiration & Mitochondria) Flashcards

1
Q

What are Anaerobes?

A

Anaerobes capture and use energy without Oxygen molecules in metabolism

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2
Q

What are Aerobes?

A

Aerobes use oxygen to extract more energy from metabolism

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3
Q

What are 3 important facts about mitochondria?

A

They’re a specialized organelle that uses oxygen for energy extraction

Were evolved from bacteria

Have their own genome and proteins synthesize mechanisms

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4
Q

True or False?
Different cell types can have very different mitochondria structure?

A

True !!!

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5
Q

True or False?
The size or number of mitochondria in the cell do not reflect the energy requirements in the cel

A

False !!!
The size or number DO reflect the energy requirements of the cell

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6
Q

True or false?
Mitochondria cannot fuse together but can split into two

A

False !!!
Mitochondria can both fuse together and split a part

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7
Q

What initiates the fission (splitting) of mitochondria?
What completes the fission?

A

the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) initiates the fission while recruited soluble proteins complete the fission

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8
Q

What type of droplets provide mitochondria with raw materials for ATP production?

A

Fatty acids

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9
Q

What are some other important produced substances mitochondria make?

A

Certain amino acids and heme groups

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10
Q

What do mitochondria release and uptake inside of cells that’s important for activities?

A

Calcium Ions

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11
Q

What is the general structure of mitochondrial membranes?

A

An outer and inner membrane

the Inner membrane has two major domains called the inner boundary domain and outer domain

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12
Q

what resides in the inner boundary membrane domain? what is it’s purpose?

A

a large amount of proteins to import mitochondrial proteins

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13
Q

What is the composition of the outer domain?

A

a series of sheets called cristae

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14
Q

What does the Cristae house?

A

The Cristae has all the components needed to produce ATP formation and aerobic respiration

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15
Q

What are the 2 membranes of mitochodria and where are they located?

A

The Matrix - within the interior
Intermembrane Space - between the outer and inner membrane

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16
Q

What are the 2 things contained in the Mitochondrial Matrix?

A

Ribosomes
Several molecules of circular DNA for RNA and protein production

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17
Q

What is the composition of ATP? What is the process of releasing energy?

A

an Adenine
an Ribose
3 phosphate groups (Alpha, Beta, Gamma)

Dephosphorylation

18
Q

what is phosphorylation and what does it require?

A

the addition of a phosphate group to AMP and ADP

it requires energy

19
Q

What is the function of electron carriers?

A

Bind high and carry high energy electrons between compounds

20
Q

What is Oxidation? What is Reduction?

A

Oxidation removes electrons from a molecule
Reduction adds electrons to a molecule

21
Q

What is Glycolysis?

A

The first pathway to breaking down glucose for energy

22
Q

What occurs in Glycolysis?

A

the Glucose 6 carbon ring is split in (2) 3-carbon rings.
2 ATP is used and 4 ATP is gained

23
Q

What is Fermentation and when does it occur?

A

an alternative process in which the product of glycolysis is used to regenerate NAD+. Occurs when there’s an insufficient oxygen supply

24
Q

What is the TCA?

A

A Cycle in which the product of glycolysis is converted to a 2 carbon chain, then combined with a 4 carbon chain to form citrate, which is then oxidized to 2 CO2 and a the 4 carbon chain which is then reused.

This creates FADH2 and NADH which is then used to form ATP

25
Q

What is the process of ATP formation from FADH2 and NADH?

A

high energy electrons are passed from FADH2 and NADH to electron carriers of the Electron Transport Chain

Causes the movement of Protons (H+) back into the cell

3 ATP formed for NADH and 2 ATP for FADH

26
Q

What is the definition of Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

When ATP formation is driven by energy released from electron removal

27
Q

What is the difference between strong oxidizing and strong reducing agents?

A

Strong oxidizing has a high affinity for electrons
Strong reducing has a weak affinity for electrons

28
Q

What is the electron donor at complex 1 and 2?

A

NADH complex 1
FADH complex 2

29
Q

What is a Flavoprotein? what is an example?

A

Polypeptides bound to FAD or Flavin
NADH

30
Q

What is a Cytochrome?

A

Electron carrier with heme-groups of Fe or Cu metals
Changes in oxidative states results in accepting or loss or electrons

31
Q

What are Three cooper atoms?

A

A single protein complex that alternates between Cu2+ and Cu3+

32
Q

What are Ubiquinone?

A

lipid-soluble molecule made of 5 Carbon units

33
Q

What are Iron-Sulfur Proteins?

A

linked to proteins at cysteine residues

34
Q

How do the Electron Carriers interact with one another in the Electron Transport Complexes?

A

Each carrier is reduced by the previous and oxidized by the one following

35
Q

What is the Final electron accepter of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

O2, which is reduced to water

36
Q

What does complex 1 do?

A

Catalyzes the transfer of electrons from NADH

37
Q

What does complex 2 do? What prevents radicals from forming?

A

feeds lower energy electrons from FAD

Heme group prevents radicals from forming by attracting escaped electrons

38
Q

What does complex 3 do?

A

Further catalyzes the transfer of electrons

39
Q

What does Complex 4 do?

A

Catalyze O2 reduction. each O2 reduced causes 4 protons (H+) to make water and 4 protons (H+) to move into the membrane

40
Q

What does the proton gradient cause?

A

a pH different or gradient between the inside and outside of the cell

A separation of charge across the membrane (electric potential)

41
Q

Describe the origin, structure, and functions of the membranes and
matrix of the mitochondrion.
▪ Outline the function of glycolysis, fermentation, the TCA cycle and
oxidative phosphorylation.
▪ Explain how the transport of electrons down the respiratory chain leads
to the formation of a proton gradient.
▪ Explain how translocation of protons can establish a proton-motive
force.

A

BMSC (22 decks)

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