lecture 6

Question 1

carbon price

Answer 1

Carbon price: cost that has to be paid for the emission of 1 ton of CO2 into the atmosphere (IPCC 2007)

Question 2

successful models

Answer 2

brazil- bioethanol
Denmark - windpower
Austria - gussing intergrated renewable energy

Question 3

oprions for overcoming challenges

Answer 3

1. targets
   - legislations
   - obligations
   - caps
   - restrictions
2. SUBSIDIES
   - co-benefits
   loans and guarantees

Question 4

examples of subsidies

\and one example of target

Answer 4

UK 1990 Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation – energy contracts: limited succsess and small volume sof electricity

sweeden 1970’s/80’s resewaarch and demonstration; 1990’s tax and subsidy increased biomass district heating from 13PJ 1990 to 65 pj in 2001
UK 2003 London Congestion Charge – public transport investment, lower congestion (30%), GHG down (20%), fewer accidents
2002 obligation on electrical suppliers to sell a minimum percentage from renewable energy

Question 5

Key Legislation in UK and EU

Answer 5

EU Landfill Directive 1999
- reduce waste to landfill & increase recycling, 75%
reduction in biodegradables by 2010
EU Emissions Trading Scheme 2005
– Monitoring and capping emissions, 2007 EU: 2x10-9 t
CO2; UK: 2.5x10-8 t CO2, 2008-2012 cap: 2.4x10-8 t CO2
Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation 2008
- 10% biofuels by 2020

UK Climate change act 2008
– GHG emission reductions, 60% by 2050
October 2012 Limits on the amount of food crop-based biofuels and bioliquids that can be counted towards the EU’s 10% target for renewable energy in the transport sector by 2020, to the current consumption level, 5% up to 2020,

Question 6

UK RTFO Scheme 2008

Answer 6

To support and promote the use of renewable transport fuels in the UK, the UK Government introduced the Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RFTO) in April 2008. The RTFO is a scheme under which all fossil fuel suppliers who supply in excess of 450,000 litres of fossil fuel per year must provide evidence that a certain percentage of their fuels for road transport in the UK comes from renewable resources. Under the scheme fossil fuel suppliers can meet their obligation in a number of ways, either:-

By supplying biofuels and claiming and redeeming certificates, o
By redeeming certificates obtained from other biofuel suppliers,
By paying a buyout price.