lecture 10 Flashcards
FINLAND
converting co2 into protein for food
lignocellulose structure
Annual terrestrial production
- bulky
- dense
- composite
- annual terrestrial production -100 gigaton plant cell wall material
different type lignosulphates are plasticisers in concrete
composition of straw
33% cellulose
Hemicellulose 25%
Lingin: 17%
If we only convert 10% of all of that into ethanol..
cellulose –> ethanol £8016
hemicellulose –>ethanol £6073
lignin –> vanillin (synthetic vanilla flavour) £110,546
however you have to balance supply and demand of the vanilla bc if it’s abundantly available the value will go down
phenyl derivatives are used in cleaning products as they are v good at killing things
Changing lignin composition
can change the composition of lignin by feeding it different compounds
Lignin extraction
KRAFT AND SULPHITE PULPING
Kraft and sulphite pulpingL:
- milling
- cooking - 150C NaOH & Na 2S
- recovery
- blowing steam
- screening and processing
- 7 tonnes black liquor pet tonne of pulp
- incentives to burn as fuels
- threatens renewable chemical feedstock industries
Could burn it in. boiler system
lignin available
pulp and paper industry At the moment only 2% of the lignin is commercially used Biomass conversion - orgonosolv ligning - steam explosion -hydrolysis lignings
Lignin extraction from cellulosic biofuels
- milled wood lignin
- milling
- extract w/ organic solvent
25-50% available lignin - treat with celluloses
Modern lignocellulosic Biorefinery
- target multiple product streams
- add most value product and process
- challenege food production, should we be using this for food, using the sugars produced from this to feed microbes to make protein. Addressing food security
Low input localised scale method for converting biomass to liquid be feasible
- on farm to farm co-operate
- overcomes storage and transportation issues
- farmers become stakeholders in the process
- extraction methods have to be simpler with lower input
- sustainable economic and environmentally friendly
- then you could transport the liquid product to the biorefinery which is much more efficient
How to unlock lignocellulose
- traditional pulping - localised and low input
- super critical steam developments -H2 and glucose
- microbial breakdown
Lignin depolymerisation under superficial conditions
v v good product
microbial breakdown of lignocellulose
white rot- lignin and cellulose degraded- preferably attack lignin
Brown rot
- efficient cellulose attack
- lignin mostly intact but modified
Soft rot
- appearance similar to brown rot
- attacks cellulose Ruch layers
- bacteria less well studied but act synergistically
FUNGI VS BACTERIA
Bacteria- will sit on substrate, contact surface very direct. grow faster and towards a nutrient source
Fungi grow over substrate, secrete enzymes ahead of them
Mushroom Biorefinery
- composts thousands of tonnes of straw and animal waste
produces high value crop - also produces spent mushroom compost and goody water
omega 3 fatty acids
some algae produce £40 per gram
