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Anatomy Exam 1 > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the nervous system?

A

CNS, PNS, ANS

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of the CNS

A

Unpaired, bilaterally symmetrical along the midsagittal plane
INCLUDES brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What portion of the primordial development does the CNS come from?

A

the neural tube

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of the PNS?

A

transmission pathways between the CNS and external/internal environments
Afferent (to) and Efferent (away from)

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5
Q

What are the overall functions of the nervous system including the PNS and CNS

A

sensory, motor, cognitive

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6
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system include? (including sets of nerves and receptors)

A

12 pairs of cranial nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves
sensory receptors in the skin and wall of the gut tube as well as tendons and skeletal muscles
motor end plates between neurons and muscles

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of the ANS?

A

can be classified as a portion of the PNS
entirely motor
smooth muscle and glands
Subdivisions: parasympathetic and sympathetic

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8
Q

What type of matter (white or grey) makes up the vertebral columns?

A

White; myelinated

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9
Q

Describe the 3 different routes that a preganglionic nerve can take after leaving the vertebral column

A
  1. pass thru to the body cavity and synapse with the grey matter and go out into the body
  2. synapses with a neuron in the great ramus and loops back up into the spinal nerve
  3. synapses a neuron in the postganglionic neuron and travels to the gut
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10
Q

What are characteristics that are ALWAYS true of a preganglionic fiber? Why?

A

They are always myelinated and are activated by ACH; because they go to skeletal muscles

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11
Q

What are the 3 stages in neural tube development?

A

neural plate
neural folds
neural tube

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12
Q

What are the subdivisions of the cranial end of the tube?

A

tripartite brain

pentapartite brain

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13
Q

What does the notochord become?

A

The vertebral column

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14
Q

What are the 3 parts of the tripartite brain?

A

Prosencephalon- forebrain
Mesencephalon- midbrain
Rhombencephalon- hindbrain; medulla, pons, cerebellum

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15
Q

What are the 2 parts of the tripartite brain that diverge into other portions to form the pentapartite brain?

A

Prosencephalon creates the telencephalon and the diencephalon
Rhombencephalon creates the mesencephalon and the myelencephalon

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16
Q

What are the 4 components that make up the brain stem in the pentapartite brain?

A

Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon
metencephalon
myelencephalon

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17
Q

What is the metaencephalon composed of? (What does it turn into?)

A

pons and the cerebellum

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18
Q

What does the myelencephalon turn into in the adult brain?

A

the medulla oblongata

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19
Q

What does the telencephalon turn into in the adult brain?

A

The left and right hemispheres

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20
Q

What does the diencephalon turn into in the adult brain?

A

The posterior part of the forebrain including the thalamus and hypothalamus

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21
Q

What is the lumina of the telencephalon primordia?

A

The lateral ventricles

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22
Q

What is the floor of the telencephalon primordia?

A

The basal ganglia and the olfactory lobes and nerves

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23
Q

What is the roof of the telencephalon primordia?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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24
Q

What is the lumen of the diencephalon?

A

The third ventricle

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25
Q

What is the roof of the diencephalon primordia?

A

The epithalamus

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26
Q

What are the walls of the diencephalon primordia?

A

thalamus

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27
Q

What is the floor of the diencephalon primordia?

A

Hypothalamus and infundibulum

28
Q

What is the lumen of the mesencephalon primordia?

A

The cerebral aqueduct

29
Q

What is the roof of the mesencephalon primordia? And give the 2 categories?

A

Tectum

  1. corpora bigemina in lower vertebrates
  2. corpora quadrigemina in higher vertebrates (superior and inferior colliculi)
30
Q

What is the floor of the mesencephalon primordia?

A

Tegmentum

31
Q

What is the lumen of the metencephalon primordia?

A

part of the 4th ventricle

32
Q

What is the roof of the metencephalon primordia?

A

cerebellum

33
Q

What is the floor of the metencephalon primordia?

A

Pons

34
Q

What is the lumen of the myencephalon primordia?

A

Rest of the fourth ventricle

35
Q

What is the main part of the myencephalon primordia?

A

Medulla oblongata

36
Q

What is the roof of the myencephalon primordia

A

Posterior choroid plexus

37
Q

What is the significance of the posterior choroid plexus?

A

It creates CSF and is highly vascular

38
Q

What are the 3 parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body
Dendrites
Axon

39
Q

What is the trophic unit of the cell body?

A

The nourishing unit

40
Q

What is the perikaryon of the cell body?

A

around the nucleus

41
Q

What are the 2 parts of the cell body of an neuron?

A

the trophic unit and the perikaryon

42
Q

Which part of the neuron is the receptive unit? Which is the conductive unit?

A

receptive: dendrites
conductive: axon

43
Q

Describe the cell body of a neuron

A

encloses the nucleus and other organelles to maintain the neuron

44
Q

What are the cell body organelles in a neuron?

A

nucleus
golgi apparatus
RER

45
Q

What are the characteristics of dendrites

A 
Branch off the cell body 
several to many 
short 
branched 
receptors for neurotransmitters 
conduct local potentials
46
Q

What are the characteristics of the axon?

A 
The part of the neuron that carries info to another cell 
usually long 
single 
conducts an action potential 
ends in telodendria 
may have collateral branches
47
Q

What is the cell membrane of the axon called?

A

The axolemma

48
Q

What is the cytoplasm of the axon called?

A

The axoplasm

49
Q

What are the end processes of the axon called?

A

the telodendria: terminal boutons present that contain the synaptic vesicles of neurotransmitters

50
Q

What does the axon contain?

A

mitochondria, neurofilaments, neurotubules

51
Q

What covers the axon and what are the characteristics of it?

A

neurolemma

made up of schwann cells; myelinated

52
Q

Gen. def. of nucleus

A

aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the CNS

53
Q

Gen. def. of ganglion

A

aggregation of dendrites and nerve cell bodies in the PNS

54
Q

Gen. def. of nerve

A

Bundle of fibers (axons) in the PNS

55
Q

Gen. def. of tract

A

bundle of fibers (axons) in the CNS

56
Q

Gen. def. of commissure

A

tract in the CNS that crosses from one side to another

57
Q

Gen. def. of white matter

A

areas of myelinated axons

58
Q

Gen. def. of grey matter

A

areas of unmyelinated axons, cell bodies, and dendrites

59
Q

What are the 5 spinal nerve branches?

A 
Dorsal primary ramus 
ventral primary ramus 
Ramus returens 
White ramus communicans 
Gray ramus communicans
60
Q

What are the reflex arcs?

A

Afferent (sensory)
Efferent (moto)
Association neurons (interneurons)

61
Q

What are the components of the synapse?

A

Presynaptic membrane: synaptic vesicles filled with neurotransmitters
Synaptic cleft
Postsynaptic membrane: receptors for neurotransmitters

62
Q

monosynaptic reflexes

A

only have one synapse in the spinal cord grey matter between the afferent and efferent neurons

faster than polysynaptic, simple, maintain muscle length and tone

63
Q

Polysynaptic reflexes

A

have multiple synapses and involve interneurons; are slower than monosynaptic

64
Q

What are examples of the monosynaptic reflex?

A

Patella, jaw, ankle

65
Q

What are the columns of the spinal cord made up of? Divisions?

A

White matter:posterior, lateral, anterior

66
Q

What are the horns of the spinal cord made of? and what are the “divisions”?

A

Grey matter: Posterior (dorsal), Anterior (ventral), lateral

67
Q

Where are the lateral horns and columns located in the vertebral column? Why?

A

In the T and upper L region because of the sympathetic nervous system

Anatomy Exam 1 (8 decks)

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