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Anatomy Exam 1 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

isometric contraction

A

length of the muscle does not change

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2
Q

isotonic contraction

A

length of muscle does change, tension remains the same

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3
Q

concentric

A

the muscle gets shorter

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4
Q

eccentric

A

muscle gets longer

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5
Q

What are the basics for naming muscles?

A 
Shape 
Function 
Origin insertion 
Relative size 
Fiber Arrangement 
Location
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6
Q

Types of fiber arrangements

A 
Straight 
Fusiform 
Unipennate 
Bipennate 
Multipennate
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7
Q

What helps to determine what a muscle contraction does?

A

What a muscle is attached to
Which end of the muscle is fixed
The force of the contraction and the force of the resistance
The simultaneous actions of other muscles that are associated with the same structure

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8
Q

Agonist

A

mover; muscle is a mover when its contraction results in the desired movement of the joint

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9
Q

prime movers

A

muscle whose primary function is to cause a particular movement; strong contributor

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10
Q

assistant movers

A

ability to assist in the movement is secondary in the movement

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11
Q

antagonist

A

opposes the movement of an agonist

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12
Q

stabilizer

A

fixator; muscles that stabilize the segment on which another segment moves
usually contracts isometrically

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13
Q

neutralizer (synergistic)

A

muscles nullify one or more actions of another muscle

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14
Q

prime neutralizer

A

will cause the opposite motion of the prime mover without assisting it in movement

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15
Q

multi-joint muscle

A

extends across more than one point and potentially can contribute to the movement at each joint

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16
Q

In regards to the bicep, the tricep would be referred to what?

A

An antagonist; directly opposes the agonist

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17
Q

Insufficiency

A

inability of multijoint muscle to contract maximally over all joints crossed simultaneously

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18
Q

active insufficiency

A

agonist; diminished ability to produce or maintain active tension; muscle is elongated to a point where there is no overlap between myofilaments; muscle is shortened when all cross-bridges have been formed

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19
Q

passive insufficiency

A

antagonist; insufficient length to allow a force to complete the full range of motion available; multi joint muscles

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20
Q

flexors

A

pass anterior to the axis of a joint; stabilizes the base of the agonist; can shorten to about 1/2 of the total length

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21
Q

extensors

A

pass posterior to the axis of a joint

22
Q

abductors

A

pass lateral to the joint

23
Q

How are muscle tissues classified?

A

Appearance
Arrangement of the nuclei
Function

24
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle

A

cardiac
smooth
skeletal (striated)

25
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle

A 
Striated 
peripheral nuclei 
multinucleated 
voluntary control 
action potential
26
Q

Describe the muscular origin

A

Usually proximal and may be fixed with movement

27
Q

Describe the muscular insertion

A

distal, more moveable

28
Q

What are the characteristics of tendons

A 
attach bone and muscle 
dense collagenous activity 
peritendineum 
bundles of collagen fibers 
poor vascularization
29
Q

What are aponeuroses

A

flat, fan shaped tendons; give rise to other tendons

30
Q

Name the hierarchical structure of a muscle from smallest to largest

A 
myofilament 
myofibril 
myofiber 
fascicle 
muscle
31
Q

Describe a myofilament

A

myosin- thick
actin- thin
organized into sarcomeres

32
Q

What is a myofibril

A

chain of sarcomeres

33
Q

What is a myofiber

A

a bundle of myofibrils
muscle cell
formed by myoblasts

34
Q

What is a fascicle

A

bundle of myofibers

35
Q

What are the 3 connective tissue supports of a muscle?

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

36
Q

What is the endomysium

A

surrounds each muscle fiber, lies outside of the sarcolemma

37
Q

What is the perimysium

A

surrounds each fascicle

38
Q

What is the epimysium

A

surrounds each muscle
cutaneous with tendons
attached to the periosteum

39
Q

Describe actin

A

portion of the myofilament
each filament (F actin) is made by 2 monomers of G actin
tropomyosin and troponin

40
Q

Describe myosin

A

Bundles of long molecules
attach to binding sites on actin filaments
swivel release cycles allow actin and myosin to slide against each other

41
Q

Describe the structure of a sarcomere

A

-Z lines are on the ends
-I bands are next (actin)
-A bands are in the middle and
composed of actin and myosin
-H band- myosin
-Sarcoplasmic reticulum
-T tubules
-Cisternae

42
Q

True or false: The number of myofibers can be increased after birth

A

False

43
Q

What will muscle tissue be replaced with if it is lost

A

scar tissue

44
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

equivalent to the ER of cells

45
Q

What is the function of the T tubules

A

tubular extensions of the muscle fiber that goes into the cytoplasms and conducts action potential

46
Q

What is the function of the cisternae

A

They are secular extension od the Sarcoplasmic retculum that release calcium ions to elicit a muscle contraction

47
Q

What happens to the sarcomere as the muscle contracts

A

The I and the H bands shorten

A band is the same length

48
Q

Describe the action potential sequence from the motor neuron to the contraction

A
  1. the action potential arrives at the sarcolemma
  2. synaptic plate intervention point
  3. action potential conducted into the interior of the myofiber via T tubules
  4. Action potential carried via t tubules to release Ca2+ from the cisternae
  5. calcium initiates actin and myosin and the sliding motion of the myosin filaments to contract the muscle
49
Q

What is a motor unit

A

motor neuron and the myofibers that it innervates

ALL OR NONE

50
Q

Describe the dark myofibers

A 
Slow fibers 
fatigue resistant 
contract slowly (slow twitch) 
lots of mitochondria- red 
high concentration of myoglobin 
low concentration of ATPase
51
Q

Describe the light myofibers

A 
Fatigue easily 
contract quickly (fast twitch) 
rely on glycolysis 
small number f mitochondria 
low concentration of myoglobin 
high concentration of ATPase

Anatomy Exam 1 (8 decks)

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