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Anatomy Exam 1 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Standing erect
Palms upward
Toes directed forward

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2
Q

What are the 3 axis in the body?

A

Cranio-caudal (vertical)
Anterior posterior (dorsal-ventral)
Left-right (traverse)

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3
Q

Axis of rotation for craniocaudal axis

A

medial and lateral, left and right

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4
Q

Axis of rotation for anterior posterior axis

A

abduction and adduction

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5
Q

Axis of rotation for the left/right or transverse axis

A

flexion and extension

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6
Q

What are the 3 planes of the body?

A

Median
Frontal
Transverse

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7
Q

Describe flexion

A

bending movement that takes place in a sagittal place around a left and right axis

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8
Q

Describe extension

A

straightening movement out of a bent part that takes place in a sagittal plane around a left and right axis

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9
Q

Describe Abduction

A

moving a part away from the body that takes place in the coronal plane around an anterior, posterior axis

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10
Q

Describe adduction

A

moving a part towards the body that takes place in a frontal plane around an anterior-posterior axis

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11
Q

Describe external (lateral) rotation

A

in the upper limb: movement of the shoulder joint where the anterior portion of the arm (bicep) turns outward.
in the lower limb: the hip joint moves to where the anterior thigh goes away from the body.
These actions occur in the transverse plane along a craniocaudal axis

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12
Q

Describe internal (medial) rotation

A

in the upper limb: a movement in the shoulder joint, the anterior aspect moves towards the body
lower limb: anterior aspect of the thigh also moves towards the body
These actions take place in a transverse place along a craniocaudal axis

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13
Q

What are some of the import measures in learning the surface anatomy

A

Auscultation
Palpation
Bony landmarks
Dermatomes

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14
Q

What are the 3 portions that make up the integument?

A

Epidermis
Basement membrane
Dermis

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of the epidermis?

A 
stratified squamous epithelium 
4-5 cell layers 
stratum basale is the deepest layer 
innervated 
avascular
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16
Q

What are the characteristics of the dermis?

A 
deepest region of the integument 
dense and irregular connective tissue 
collagen fibers 
elastic fibers 
vascularized
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17
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

Papillary layer

Reticular layer

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18
Q

What is the papillary layer

A

loose connective tissue
separated from the epidermis by the basal lamina
network of elastic fibers and abundant capillaries

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19
Q

What is the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Dense and irregular connective tissue

includes fibrocytes, macrophages, and adipocytes

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20
Q

Distinguish between thick and thin skin

A

dependent on the epidermis

well formed epidermis in thick skin

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21
Q

Where is the thick skin found?

A

palms of the hands and the soles of the feet; no hair

22
Q

What is the superficial fascia? What does it consist of and support?

A

a layer of connective tissue that the integument sits on top of
has loose bundles of collagen with adipocytes
supports cutaneous nerves and blood vessels

23
Q

What is the deep fascia? And what does it adhere to?

A

Several thin layers of tough and collagen material that is tightly adherent to muscles, bones, and tendons

24
Q

How are glands classified?

A

by whether or not they secrete things: endocrine or exocrine

25
Q

What are the 4 types of epidermal glands?

A

Mammary glands
Ceruminous glands Sebaceous glands
Sudoriferous glands

26
Q

What are the sudoriferous glands?

A

long, tubular glands; have 2 methods of secretion; merocrine and apocrine

27
Q

Merocrine secretions

A

secretions are thin and watery, secretory cell is not damaged in the process of secretion

28
Q

apocrine secretions

A

Thicker and more viscous
excretory ducts opens into a hair follicle
inactive until puberty
special types: ceruminous glands and glands of Moll

29
Q

Where are the apocrine glands found?

A

labia majora, axillary and anal regions

30
Q

What are the sebaceous glands

A

holocrine: secretions are thick and the secretory cell is destroyed in the process of secretion; hair follicles

31
Q

Describe the ceruminous glands

A

in the EAC, secrete ear wax

32
Q

What are the mammary glands and describe their secretion patterns

A

modified sweet glands, merocrine and apocrine secretion. Proteins are released in the merocrine secretion and lipids in the apocrine. Secretion is somewhat thick. Apical end of the cell is lost in secretion and the basal part regenerates

33
Q

When do the hairs develop in the gestation period?

A

3rd month

34
Q

What is the structure of the hair cell

A 
shaft 
follicle 
dermal papilla with matrix 
arrestor pilli muscle 
sebaceous glands 
hair bulb and connective tissue
35
Q

Describe the ungis of the nail?

A

modified stratum corner
flattened
avascular and not innervated

36
Q

What are the 3 parts of the nail?

A

Ungis
Matrix
Subungis

37
Q

What are the specialized cells that are present in the integument

A 
melanocytes 
Langerhans cells 
Merkel cells 
Meissners corpuscles
Pacini corpuscle
38
Q

Describe the melanocytes

A

found in the deep layers of the epidermis
derived from nervous system components
they form melanosomes

39
Q

Describe langerhans cells

A 
dendritic cells 
derived from monocytes 
antigen-presenting cells 
stratum spinosum 
epidermis to lymph nodes 
Birbeck granules- (antigen delivery)
40
Q

What are the merkel cells

A

mechanoreceptors
neuroendocrine cells
stratum germinative
catecholamine-like granules

41
Q

What are the Meissner’s and Pacini corpuscles?

A

pressure receptors

42
Q

Langer lines

A

correlate to the tension in the skin and the body that is related to the orientation of the collagen fibers in the dermis
important in surgery

43
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

Specific region of skin innervated by a specific spinal cord level

44
Q

What are characteristics of the epithelial tissues?

A 
littler intracellular matrix 
display free surfaces 
do not contain blood vessels 
may be innervated 
line body cavities and surfaces 
secretory and excretory parts of glands 
exhibit polarity 
sit on basement membrane
45
Q

Apical versas basolateral domains

A

apical is in contact with the lumen

basolateral is in contact with neighboring cells or the extracellular environment

46
Q

What are the 2 components of the basement membrane/

A

basal lamina and the reticular lamina: reticular is deeper

47
Q

What are the 3 functions of the basement membrane?

A

selective filtration barrier
Scaffold
stabilization of tissue shapes

48
Q

What are the ways in which the epithelium can be classified?

A

number of cell layers
shape of the superficial layer
surface modifications
presence or absence of keratin

49
Q

Where are the lightly keratinized cells found?

A

esophagus and vagina

50
Q

What are the 3 surface modifications or the apical domain?

A

cilia
stereocilia
microvilli

Anatomy Exam 1 (8 decks)

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