Lecture 6 Flashcards
Which spinal segments contribute to the primary curve of the back?
Thoracic
Sacral
What is the purpose of the spinal curves ?
To absorb and transmit forces and retaining the centre of gravity.
Which spinal segments contribute to the secondary curve of the back and why?
Cervical
IVD are thicker anteriorly
Lumbar
IVD and vertebral bodies are thicker anteriorly
What are abnormal curves of the back?
Hyperlordosis - lumbar
Kyphosis - thoracic
Scoliosis - lateral, idiopathic
What are the features of a typical vertebral structure?
Body: cancellous/spongy bone surrounded by compact bone, takes majority of weight.
Transverse & spinous processes: act as levers.
Pars interarticularis: common fracture site, base of spinous process.
Vertebral foramen.
Vertebral arch: pedicles and lamina.
Elevated ring around edge of vertebral body: bony/apophysis, IVD insert here, hyaline cartilage plate.
Inferior and superior vertebral notches: form intervertebral foramen.
What are the features of thoracic vertebrae?
Heart shaped vertebral body.
Small round intervertebral foramen.
Long spinous processes that point downward.
Demi facets on vertebral bodies for ribs.
Articular facets are in the coronal plane.
Facets for rib tubercle on transverse process.
What movements occur in the thoracic spine?
Articular facets are in the coronal plane.
Limits flexion and extension.
Some lateral flexion.
Some rotation.
What are the features of lumbar vertebrae?
Large kidney shaped vertebral body. Most weight bearing vertebrae. Triangular shaped intervertebral foramen. Long thin transverse processes. Hatchet shaped spinous processes. Facets in sagittal plane.
What movements occur in the thoracic spine?
Articular facets are in the sagittal plane.
Allows flexion and extension.
What is particular about the L5 vertebrae?
It’s inferior facets are turning into the coronal plane to stop it from sliding off the top of the sacrum.
Which thoracic vertebrae are atypical?
T1
T11
T12
What are the features of the sacrum?
Ala/wings: fusion of transverse processes of S1-S3.
Anterior side is smooth.
Posterior side is bony.
Sacral promontory: most anterior section.
Sacral foramina: allow ventral/dorsal rami to leave the sacral canal.
Auricular surface: ear shaped hyaline cartilage, synovial part of sacro-iliac joint.
Sacral hiatus: bottom of posterior side.
Sacral cornu: palpable, site for epidural anaesthetia injection.
Why are the superior articular processes of S1 important?
Facets are in the coronal plane to stop L5 from sliding off.
Holds the inferior articular facets of L5 in place.
What does the intervertebral foramen contain?
Anterior and posterior nerve roots.
Epidural fat.
Blood vessels.
Nerves.
What does the vertebral canal contain?
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Epidural space: veins and epidural fat (buffers and protects)