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ANSC 3090 - Animal Behaviour > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the fight or flight response?

A

physiological responses that ready us for intense efforts, whether to confront a threat or to escape from it

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2
Q

Who wrote the wisom of the body?

A

walter B. connon, the pioneer of the stress response concept

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3
Q

Who is hans seyle?

A

pioneer of the concept of general adaptation syndrome

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4
Q

What are two types of stressors?

A

psychosocial stressors
biogenic stressors - extreme cold, no shelter, no food etc.

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5
Q

How does a psychosocial stressor work?

A
  1. must work through cognitive appraisal mechanics, cannot directly cause the stress response
  2. they are real or imagined environmental events
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6
Q

How does a biogenic stressor work?

A

Work directly on neurological triggering nuclei, no cognitive affective processing
e.g. caffeine, nicotine, pain, extreme heat/cold

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7
Q

What is eustress?

A

moderate or normal psychological stress
“good stress”
- positive form of stress that may be perceived as pleasurable
- it is in a positive response to demands

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8
Q

What are the effects of eustress?

A

can have similar physiological effects as distress: increased heart rate and elevated glucocorticoids

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9
Q

How long does distress take to occur?

A

developed over relatively long period of time however acute distress can also occur in response to a short, intense stressor
Therefore animal may be in distress even if it appears to recover rapidly after the removal of the stressor

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10
Q

What are some adaptations to stress responses?

A
  • evolved to handle physical threats such as temperature changes or appearance of predator, psychological threats elicit the same response
  • coping mechanisms
    • activation of sympathetic NS and adrenal medulla
    • secretion of stress hormones
    • mobilization of immune system
    • behaviour
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11
Q

What is stress?

A

complex term referring to psychological or physiological changes that occur in response to real or perceived threats to homeostasis - allostasis

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12
Q

What is allostasis?

A

process of achieving stability

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13
Q

What is an allostatic response?

A

active response to a stressor promotes adaptation

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14
Q

What is allostatic load?

A

allostatic systems are overstimulated or do not perform normally

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15
Q

What are the steps to a stress response?

A

stressor event-> cognitive appraisal and integration-> neurological triggering.) physiological response-> target organ activation-> coping behaviour

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16
Q

What is cognitive appraisal?

A

process of cognitive interpretation

17
Q

What is affective integration?

A

blending and colouring of felt emotion into the cognitive interpretation

18
Q

What does the cognitive-affective complex do?

A

represents how stressors are perceived

19
Q

What are the anatomical epicenters of the brain?

A

brainstem
limbic system

20
Q

What are the three physiological pathways of a stress response?

A

neural axis - stress response via neural innervation of target organs
neuroendocrine axis - fight/flight
endocrine axis - most chronic aspects of the stress response, greater intensity to activate

21
Q

What are the three neural axes of a stress response?

A

sympathetic NS: generalized arousal within end organs - most common form of neural stress responsiveness - noradrenalin is responsible
parasympathetic NS: inhibition, slowing - ACh is responsible
neuromuscular system: prime target for immediate activate but limited ot ability to release ntunder chronically high stimulation

22
Q

What are the pivotal organs in the fight or flight response?

A

amyglada: highest point of fight/flight origination
downward flow of neural impulses to the hypothalamus
descend through the thoracic spinal cord
innervating adrenal gland
resulting in a hormonal output of catecholamines

23
Q

What is the sam system?

A

sympathetic adrenal medullary system:
- hypothalamus and sympathetic NS stimulate the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine
- they initiate rapid activation of sympathetic NS

24
Q

What is the adrenal cortical axis?

A

Hypothalamus (CRF)
->
Anterior Pituitary (ACTH)
->
Adrenal cortex (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids)

25
Q

What is glucocorticoid release controlled by?

A

activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPA axis)

26
Q

What is the somatotropic axis?

A

Hypothalamus (SRF)
->
Anterior Pituitary (GH)
->
Effect of GH (increase in FFA and glucose in blood)

27
Q

What is the thyroid axis?

A

Hypothalamus (TRF)
->
Anterior pituitary (TSH)
->
Thyroid gland (T3 and T4)

28
Q

What is the result of the thyroid axis?

A

increase in general metabolism, hr, heart contractility, peripheral vascular resistance and sensitivity of some tissues to catecholamines

29
Q

What is the posterior pituitary axis?

A
  • receives neural impulses from the supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus
  • releases ADH (water retention) and oxytocin (birth)
30
Q

What does chronic stress often lead to?

A

ill health
most of the harmful effects of stress are produced by prolonged secretion of glucocorticoids

31
Q

What does prolonged secretion of glucocorticoids result in?

A

increase blood pressure, damage to muscle tissue, steroid diabetes, infertility, inhibition of growth, inhibition of inflammatory responses, suppression of the immune system

32
Q

What animal are oesophago-gastric ulcers an issue in?

A

pigs

33
Q

What occurs in the brain if there is long term exposure of glucocorticoids?

A
  • destroys neurons located in hippocampal formation
  • can create memory problems when we are older
  • intense long-term stress can cause severe brain damage in primates
  • stress of chronic pain has adverse effects of brain
34
Q

What happens to the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during exposure to early life stress?

A

reduces the volume of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex

35
Q

What is the effect of prenatal stress?

A
  • interferes with normal development of hippocampus, leading to long-lasting malfunctions in learning and memory
  • can affect brain development and produce changes for life
36
Q

How can predictability impact the effect of stress?

A

animals that can predict the onset of stressful stimulus have a lower impact of the stressor

37
Q

How does resilience impact stress responses?

A
  • presence of various protective hormones and controlled exposure to stress related stimuli can promote resilience in the event of stress
  • some experience during early life can reduce reactivity to stressful situations in adulthood

ANSC 3090 - Animal Behaviour (14 decks)

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