Lecture 13 Flashcards
What did Dr. David Wood-Gush do?
austrian zoologist, ethologist and ornithologist, shared the 1973 nobel prize in physiology or medicine
pioneers of the study of ethology, inspiring generations
What are domestic pigs?
descended from wild boar
omnivorous forest dwellers
spend most of their time actively foraging
Who wrote the article, how do domesticated pigs behave in the habitat of their wild ancestors?
wood-gush and stolba
What is observer bias?
any kind of systematic discrepancy from the truth during the process of observing and recording information for a study
What is expectation bias?
the expectation of the observer will affect the outcome of the observation
What is the rosenthal effect?
high expectations lead to improved performance, while low expectations lead to poor performance
What is confirmation bias?
tendency to interpret new evidence as confirmation of ones existing beliefs or theories
- recording behaviour in such a way that supports existing beliefs
What is an experimental example of observer bias?
160 3rd year vet students
shown diff vid clips of animals
students told diff background info about animals
different results for different behavioural observations
What are ways around observer bias?
- making sure observer is unaware of treatments
- making sure person analyzing data is unaware of treatments
- minimize the influence of observers to make subjective decisions = detailed and mutually exclusive ethogram
- experienced vs naive observer
- multiple observers - agreement
What is intra-observer reliability?
within an observer
e.g. are you measuring the same thing over time?
What is inter-observer reliability?
between observers
e.g. are you measuring the same thing as the other observers
What is cohens kappa?s
statistical measure that assesses how well two or more raters agree when evaluating qualitative terms
What are the steps to calculate cohens kappa?
- calculate the observed agreement (Po)
- Po = (number of agreements)/(total observations) - calculate the expected agreement (Pe)
- Pe = [(row total for Yes * column total for yes) + (row total for no* column total for no)]/(total observations)^2 - Calculate cohens kappa (k)
- k = (Po-Pe)/(1-Pe)
What is the clever hans effect?
unconscious movements/unintentional cues influence the behaviour of the animal
What is the strange framework for identifying sampling bias?
Social background
Trappability and self-selection
Rearing history
Acclimation and habituation
Natural changes in responsiveness
Genetic make up
Experience
What are some transmitter-receiver systems for data logging?
radio frequency identification (RFID) - passive transponders
global positioning system (GPS) - active transmitters
What are some RFID equipment?
leg bands
antenna placement
RFID machine
How do accelerometers measure activity levels?
low-intensity physical activity
- no change in location, postural movements such as sleep-like-resting, neck shortenting, sitting, sleeping, minor head/shoulder/neck movements
moderate intensity physical activity
- small change in location, foraging, walking, preening, drinking, brief wing movements etc.
high-intensity physical activity
- change in location, walking, running, controlled aerial ascent/descent, shaking, jumping
Explain the function of a force plate?
Ground reaction forces (GRF) of the foot
increased gradually with increasing slope angle
Higher GRFs and longer ground contact times
were recorded for the first preparatory step for
steepest inclines
Domestic fowl modulate locomotion patterns in
response to incline angle in a manner that
suggests anticipation
Data on kinetic modulation are important to
understand how birds locomote their environment
in a controlled and safe manner
