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ANSC 3090 - Animal Behaviour > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

What impairs/blocks nerve conduction?

A

cold pressure impairs impulse conduction = interrupts blood circ = no o2
sedatives and anaesthetics block nerve impulses by altering membrane permeability = no Na+ entry = no AP

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3
Q

Why do fibers with myelin sheaths transmit signals faster?

A

nerve impulses jump from node to node

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4
Q

What is an example of a poison that blocks nerve impulse?

A

tetrodoxin - produced by pufferfish

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5
Q

What is a synapse?

A

neurotransmitter chemical crosses gap to transmit signal from one neuron to the next
neurotransmitter binds to receptor on the next neuron

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6
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A

most neurons communicate via chemical synapses
there are also physical synapses

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7
Q

What are the steps to a chemical synapse?

A
  • AP reaches axon terminal
  • electrical change opens Ca2+ channels
  • vesicles containing neurotransmitter fuse with axon membrane and release transmitter
  • neurotransmitter diffuses across synapse to bind to receptors on next neuron
  • series of events from before occurs
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8
Q

After a synapse what happens to the neurotransmitter?

A

neurotransmitter is removed from synapse either by diffusion away by reuptake into the axon terminal or by enzymatic break down

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9
Q

What are the four classes of neurotransmitters?

A

AA: glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA
Monoamines: catecholamines like dopamine, adrenalin and noradrenalin, seratonin
Acetylcholine
Neuroactive peptides: endogenous opioids, peptides from hypothal/pit gland

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10
Q

Where does acetylcholine work?

A

crosses the neuromuscular junctions
ACh excites the muscle-cell membrane, causing depolarization and contraction of the muscle fibre

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11
Q

What happens if ACh is not released?

A

muscle cannot contract

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12
Q

What does cholinesterase do?

A

breaks down Ach

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13
Q

Draw out table of neurotransmitters

A

slide 14

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14
Q

What is the function of serotinin/5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)

A

involved in eating, circadian rhythmicity, neuroendocrine, function sleep, mood, anxiety

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15
Q

What is 5-HT synthesized from?

A

tryptophan

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16
Q

What is 5-HT an intermediate of?

A

transformation of tryptophan to serotonin

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17
Q

What is the action of a serotonergic drug?

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor prolongs the action of 5-HT in the synapse by preventing its uptake

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18
Q

What is mucosal 5-HT present in?

A

entero-chromaffin ccells of the mucosal epithelium triggers persitaltic and secretory reflexes through the activation of enteric and sensory neurons

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19
Q

What occurs in birds with lower levels of 5-HT?

A

feather pecking

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20
Q

How many cranial nerves are there?

A

12 cranial nerves

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21
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A
  1. olfactory
  2. optic
  3. oculomotor
  4. trochlear
  5. trigeminal
  6. abducens
  7. facial
  8. auditory
  9. glossopharyngeal
  10. vagus
  11. spinal accessory
  12. hypoglossal
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22
Q

What are some characteristics of spinal nerves?

A

leave vertebral column and travel to muscles/sensory receptors they innervate, branching repeatedly as they go

23
Q

What is the difference between afferent and efferent axons?

A

afferent axons bring information inward, toward CNS
efferent axons send information outward

24
Q

What are the steps of a neural reflex?

A

receptor neuron receives sensory input, which it sends to the brain for processing, the brain analyzes information and determines the appropriate output:
reflex - sensory input -> integration -> motor output

25
Q

What are reflexes?

A

rapid, predictable, involuntary responses

26
Q

What parts of the NS are reflexes involved in?

A

CNS and PNS

27
Q

What is the difference between a somatic and autonomic reflex?

A

somatic - skeletal muscles activated
autonomic - regulate body function = smooth muscles, glands etc.

28
Q

What are the 5 elements of a two neuron reflex arc?

A
  1. sensory receptor
  2. effector organ
  3. sensory neuron
  4. motor neuron
  5. integration center: spinal cord and or interneurons between sensory and motor neurons
29
Q

What are the steps to a patellar reflex in cats and dogs?

A
  1. sensory fiber is stimulated by the tendon hammer
  2. impulse travels via the sensory nerve to the ventral horn in the grey matter of the spinal cord
  3. it synapses with the motor neuron whcih affects a muscular contraction
30
Q

What is a withdrawal reflex?

A

three neuron reflex - limb withdrawn from painful stimuli, interneuron involved

31
Q

Do all withdrawal reflexes result in pain?

A

no

32
Q

How can electronic feeders be used for cognitive enrichment in pigs?

A

pigs trained to learn the link between sound given by electronic feeder and a feed reward, can reduce aggression

33
Q

What are the components of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

cortex and basal nuclei

34
Q

What is the function of the cortex?

A

gray matter, cerebrums outer layer, localizes and interprets sensory inputs, control voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity, acts in intellectual and emotional processing

35
Q

What is the function of the basal nuclei?

A

islands of grey matter, buried deep within the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, subcortical motor centers help control skeletal muscle movements

36
Q

What is the result of malfunction of basal nuclei?

A

huntington or parkinsons disease

37
Q

What is the function of the thalamus?

A

relays sensory impulses to the cortex, relays impulses between the cortex and lower motor systems, involved in memory

38
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

integration of the ANS, regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, thirst, regulates hormonal output

39
Q

What is the function of the limbic system?

A

Includes cerebral and diecephalon structures, mediates emotional responses, memory processing

40
Q

What is the limbic system comprised of?

A

functional group of integrating centres in cerebral cortex, thalamus and hypothalamus
hippocampus and amyglada

41
Q

How do smells trigger strong emotions/memories?

A

olfactory brain parts in the cranial portion of cerebrum, direct connection to areas that are strongly implicated in emotion and memory

42
Q

What are the various structures of the brain stem?

A

mid brain, pons, medulla oblongata, reticular

43
Q

What is the function of the mid brain?

A

contains visual and auditory reflex centers, subcortical motor centers, nuclei for cranial nerves

44
Q

What is the function of the pons?

A

cooperates with medulla to control respiration, relays info from cerebrum to cerebellum

45
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

relays ascending pathways from skin and proprioceptors, contains nuclei controlling heart and respiratory rate, vomiting etc.

46
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

maintans alertness, filters out repetitive stimuli, helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity

47
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

processes information from the cerebral cortex, proprioceptors, visual and equilibrium pathways, responsible for proper balance and posture

48
Q

What are the meninges?

A

three tissue membranes that cover and protect the CNS
dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

49
Q

What is the dura mater?

A

the outermost layer - is a double layered membrane around the brain and single layered around spinal cord

50
Q

What is the arachnoid mater?

A

the middle layer, has web like features

51
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

innermost membrane - delicate and clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord

52
Q

What is CSF?

A

watery liquid similar to blood plasma in its content, contains less protein and more vitamin C and different ion composition, forms cushion around the brain and spinal cord and protects against physical blows and other trauma

53
Q

What does the blood brain barrier do?

A

neurons kept separated from bloodborne substances
composed of least permeable capilalries in the whole body
bound together by tight junctions all around

54
Q

What can pass through the blood brain barrier?

A

only water, glucose, and essential AA can pass easily through

ANSC 3090 - Animal Behaviour (14 decks)

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