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Microbiology > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Fungi is usually ________

A

Filamentous

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2
Q

What is hypa?

A

one of the “threads” that make up the mycelium of a fungus that increase by apical growth, (pl. hyphae)

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3
Q

________ is the mass of interwoven filamentous hyphae (molds)

A

Mycelium

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4
Q

What are some features of fungi?

A

reproduce a/sexually often with spores
aerobic or facultative anaerobic
ergosterols in cell membrane
chitin in cell wall
all eukaryotic osmotrophs

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5
Q

What are some fungal

A

can grow better at pH of 4-6
can grow in high sugar and salt concentrations; is resistant to osmotic pressure
can grow in low moisture content
can metabolize complex carbohydrates

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6
Q

What is a lichen?

A

An organism that consists of a symbiotic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria

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7
Q

____ yeast is associated with dandruff

A

Malassezia

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8
Q

____ causes tinea (athlete’s foot, fungi)

A

Trichophyton spp.

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9
Q

What are the other important fungi?

A

Crytococcus sp., Candida spp. and Aspergillus sp.

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10
Q

Mycosis

A

fungal infection

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11
Q

Systemic mycoses

A

deep within the body eg. candidasis, histoplasmosis

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12
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses

A

beneath the skin eg. mycetoma, lobomycosis

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13
Q

Cutaneous mycoses

A

affect hair, skin, and nails

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14
Q

Superficial mycoses

A

localized (ex. hair shafts) eg. dermatophytes, candidiasis

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15
Q

Opportunistic mycoses

A

fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host eg. fusariosis, aspergillosis

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16
Q

What is one reason fungal diseases may increase?

A

Temperature

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17
Q

Mycoses often follow _________

A

Immunosuppression

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18
Q

What are some antifungal targets?

A

Membrane function
Metabolic Inhibitors
Cell Wall Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
Nuclear Divison

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19
Q

What do killer yeast targets produce?

A

Exotoxins (exported proteins)

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20
Q

What is taxonomy?

A

classification, description, identification and naming of organisms

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21
Q

What is the six-kingdom system made by Woese?

A

Eubacteria
Archeabacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plante
Animalia

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22
Q

What is the 3 domain system?

A

Bacteria
Archea
eukarya

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23
Q

What are some morphological complications?

A

cryptic species
difficulty in seeing organism
variant morphologies

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24
Q

What are the steps of DNA barcoding?

A

Unknown organism
DNA extraction
Barcode fragment
DNA sequencing
Barcode database
Match
Identification Species name

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25
Q

Give the taxonomy of humans

A

Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Mammalia
Order - Primate
Family - Homindae
Genus - Homo
Species - Sapien

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26
Q

Features of psuedomonadota

A

gram negative
chemoheterotrophic
five classes: Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε
largest taxonomic group of bacteria

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27
Q

Salmonella spp.

A

salmonellosis, typhoid fever, gram negative, bacilli

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28
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A

HAIs, UTIs, bacilli, gram negative

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29
Q

Bordetella sp.

A

whooping cough, gram negative, bacilli

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30
Q

Escherichia coli

A

gastro-, UTIs, gram negative
bacilli

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31
Q

Enterobacter spp

A

HAIs, gram negative
bacilli

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32
Q

diplococci Neisseria spp.

A

gonorrhea, meningitis, gram negative
bacilli

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33
Q

Helicobacter sp.

A

(stomach ulcers), spiral, gram negative

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34
Q

Vibrio spp.

A

(cholera, gastro-), spiral, gram negative

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35
Q

Borrelia sp.

A

. (Lyme disease)
spiral
gram negative

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36
Q

Campylobacter sp.

A

(gastro-)
spiral
gram negative

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37
Q

Borrelia sp.

A

(Lyme disease)
spiral
gram negative

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38
Q

Treponema sp.

A

(syphilis)
gram negative
spiral

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39
Q

(botulism, tetanus, HAIs)
bacilli
gram positive

A

Clostridium spp.

40
Q

(vaginal microbiome)
bacilli
gram positive

A

Lactobacillus spp.

41
Q

(anthrax, HAIs, gastro-)
bacilli
gram positive

A

Bacillus spp.

42
Q

(vaginosis)
bacilli
gram positive

A

Gardnerella sp.

43
Q

(listeriosis)
gram positive
bacilli

A

Listeria sp.

44
Q

(skin infections, HAIs, gastro-
gram positive
cocci

A

Staphylococcus sp.

45
Q

(cavities, strep throat, meningitis, skin infections)
gram positive
cocci

A

Streptococcus spp.

46
Q

(HAIs)
gram positive
cocci

A

Enterococcus spp.

47
Q

trachoma, STI
cell wall-less

A

Chlamydia sp.

48
Q

acid-fast bacilli
(tuberculosis, leprosy)

A

Mycobacterium spp

49
Q

What are non-enveloped DNA viruses?

A

Adenoviridae
Papovaviridae

50
Q

What are enveloped DNA viruses?

A

Poxviridae
Herpesviridae
Hepadnaviridae

51
Q

Adenoviridae

A

colds, nonenveloped DNA

52
Q

Papovaviridae

A

HPV, nonenveloped DNA

53
Q

Poxviridae

A

smallpox, enveloped, DNA

54
Q

Herpesviridae

A

herpes, chickenpox/shingles, mono, enveloped, DNA

55
Q

Hepadnaviridae

A

hepatitis B, enveloped, DNA

56
Q

Picornaviridae

A

rhinovirus, polio, hepatitis A, non-enveloped RNA

57
Q

Calciviridae

A

non-enveloped, norovirus, RNA

58
Q

rubella, enveloped, RNA

A

Matonaviridae

59
Q

(yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, Zika, hepatitis C), enveloped RNA

A

Flavivirdae

60
Q

colds, COVID-19, enveloped RNA

A

Coronaviridae

61
Q

rabies, enveloped RNA

A

Rhabdoviridae

62
Q

(Ebola, Marburg), enveloped RNA

A

Filoviridae

63
Q

(measles, mumps, RSV), enveloped RNA

A

Paramyxoviridae

64
Q

(influenza), enveloped RNA

A

Orthomyxoviridae

65
Q

(HIV), enveloped RNA

A

Retroviridae

66
Q

Cryptococcus sp.

A

(respiratory, meningitis), fungi

67
Q

Trichophyton spp.

A

(dermatophytosis), fungi

68
Q

Candida sp.

A

(thrush, vaginitis, HAIs), fungi

69
Q

Aspergillus sp.

A

(respiratory), fungi

70
Q

Malassezia spp.

A

(dandruff), fungi

71
Q

Trypanosoma spp.

A

(sleeping sickness)
protozoa

72
Q

Toxoplasma spp.

A

(“cat mind control”)
protozoa

73
Q

Leishmania spp.

A

(skin sores)
protozoa

74
Q

Plasmodium spp.

A

(malaria)
protozoa

75
Q

Trichomonas spp.

A

(STI)
protozoa

76
Q

Giardia spp.

A

(gastro-)
protozoa

77
Q

Major antimicrobial targets to know for viruses

A

entry
genetic information flow
assembly

78
Q

Major antimicrobial targets to know for protozoa

A

folate synthesis
heme polymerase
free radical production
electron transport chain

79
Q

Major antimicrobial targets to know for bacteria

A

genetic information flow
cell wall/membrane
folate synthesis

80
Q

Major antimicrobial targets to know for fungi

A

genetic information flow
cell wall/membrane

81
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction

82
Q

What is gel electrophoresis ?

A

separation of macromolecules based on size and charge

83
Q

RNA-Seq to sequence _______

A

transcriptome

84
Q

____ to detect nucleic acids or proteins

A

Blotting

85
Q

Southern blot-
Northern blot-
western blot-

A

DNA
RNA
Protein

86
Q

____ to detect DNA-protein binding

A

ChIP-Seq

87
Q

heterologous expression

A

expression of gene(s) from another organism

88
Q

genetic engineering

A

human-mediated genome modification

89
Q

pathway engineering

A

improving biochemical pathways

90
Q

GMOs

A

Genetically modified organisms

91
Q

Mutagenesis

A

process of permanent + heritable change in genome

92
Q

In gene deletion, replace gene or promoter with ______

A

selection marker

93
Q

____ with plasmids/vectors

A

Cloning

94
Q

What are restriction endonucleases?

A

antiviral bacterial defenses

95
Q

Eukaryotic RNAi targets _____-

A

dsRNA

96
Q

What does E. coli CRISPR/Cas9 stand for?

A

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats

97
Q
A

Microbiology (8 decks)

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