Lecture 6 Flashcards by Chiamaka Patrick

Fungi is usually ________

Filamentous

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What is hypa?

one of the “threads” that make up the mycelium of a fungus that increase by apical growth, (pl. hyphae)

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________ is the mass of interwoven filamentous hyphae (molds)

Mycelium

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What are some features of fungi?

reproduce a/sexually often with spores
aerobic or facultative anaerobic
ergosterols in cell membrane
chitin in cell wall
all eukaryotic osmotrophs

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What are some fungal

can grow better at pH of 4-6
can grow in high sugar and salt concentrations; is resistant to osmotic pressure
can grow in low moisture content
can metabolize complex carbohydrates

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What is a lichen?

An organism that consists of a symbiotic relationship between fungi and photosynthetic algae or cyanobacteria

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____ yeast is associated with dandruff

Malassezia

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____ causes tinea (athlete’s foot, fungi)

Trichophyton spp.

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What are the other important fungi?

Crytococcus sp., Candida spp. and Aspergillus sp.

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Mycosis

fungal infection

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Systemic mycoses

deep within the body eg. candidasis, histoplasmosis

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Subcutaneous mycoses

beneath the skin eg. mycetoma, lobomycosis

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Cutaneous mycoses

affect hair, skin, and nails

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Superficial mycoses

localized (ex. hair shafts) eg. dermatophytes, candidiasis

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Opportunistic mycoses

fungi harmless in normal habitat but pathogenic in a compromised host eg. fusariosis, aspergillosis

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What is one reason fungal diseases may increase?

Temperature

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Mycoses often follow _________

Immunosuppression

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What are some antifungal targets?

Membrane function
Metabolic Inhibitors
Cell Wall Synthesis
Protein Synthesis
Nuclear Divison

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What do killer yeast targets produce?

Exotoxins (exported proteins)

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What is taxonomy?

classification, description, identification and naming of organisms

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What is the six-kingdom system made by Woese?

Eubacteria
Archeabacteria
Protista
Fungi
Plante
Animalia

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What is the 3 domain system?

Bacteria
Archea
eukarya

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What are some morphological complications?

cryptic species
difficulty in seeing organism
variant morphologies

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What are the steps of DNA barcoding?

Unknown organism
DNA extraction
Barcode fragment
DNA sequencing
Barcode database
Match
Identification Species name

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Give the taxonomy of humans

Kingdom - Animalia Phylum - Chordata Class - Mammalia Order - Primate Family - Homindae Genus - Homo Species - Sapien

Features of psuedomonadota

gram negative chemoheterotrophic five classes: Α, Β, Γ, Δ, Ε largest taxonomic group of bacteria

Salmonella spp.

salmonellosis, typhoid fever, gram negative, bacilli

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

HAIs, UTIs, bacilli, gram negative

Bordetella sp.

whooping cough, gram negative, bacilli

Escherichia coli

gastro-, UTIs, gram negative bacilli

Enterobacter spp

HAIs, gram negative bacilli

diplococci Neisseria spp.

gonorrhea, meningitis, gram negative bacilli

Helicobacter sp.

(stomach ulcers), spiral, gram negative

Vibrio spp.

(cholera, gastro-), spiral, gram negative

Borrelia sp.

. (Lyme disease) spiral gram negative

Campylobacter sp.

(gastro-) spiral gram negative

Borrelia sp.

(Lyme disease) spiral gram negative

Treponema sp.

(syphilis) gram negative spiral

(botulism, tetanus, HAIs) bacilli gram positive

Clostridium spp.

(vaginal microbiome) bacilli gram positive

Lactobacillus spp.

(anthrax, HAIs, gastro-) bacilli gram positive

Bacillus spp.

(vaginosis) bacilli gram positive

Gardnerella sp.

(listeriosis) gram positive bacilli

Listeria sp.

(skin infections, HAIs, gastro- gram positive cocci

Staphylococcus sp.

(cavities, strep throat, meningitis, skin infections) gram positive cocci

Streptococcus spp.

(HAIs) gram positive cocci

Enterococcus spp.

trachoma, STI cell wall-less

Chlamydia sp.

acid-fast bacilli (tuberculosis, leprosy)

Mycobacterium spp

What are non-enveloped DNA viruses?

Adenoviridae Papovaviridae

What are enveloped DNA viruses?

Poxviridae Herpesviridae Hepadnaviridae

Adenoviridae

colds, nonenveloped DNA

Papovaviridae

HPV, nonenveloped DNA

Poxviridae

smallpox, enveloped, DNA

Herpesviridae

herpes, chickenpox/shingles, mono, enveloped, DNA

Hepadnaviridae

hepatitis B, enveloped, DNA

Picornaviridae

rhinovirus, polio, hepatitis A, non-enveloped RNA

Calciviridae

non-enveloped, norovirus, RNA

rubella, enveloped, RNA

Matonaviridae

(yellow fever, dengue, West Nile, Zika, hepatitis C), enveloped RNA

Flavivirdae

colds, COVID-19, enveloped RNA

Coronaviridae

rabies, enveloped RNA

Rhabdoviridae

(Ebola, Marburg), enveloped RNA

Filoviridae

(measles, mumps, RSV), enveloped RNA

Paramyxoviridae

(influenza), enveloped RNA

Orthomyxoviridae

(HIV), enveloped RNA

Retroviridae

Cryptococcus sp.

(respiratory, meningitis), fungi

Trichophyton spp.

(dermatophytosis), fungi

Candida sp.

(thrush, vaginitis, HAIs), fungi

Aspergillus sp.

(respiratory), fungi

Malassezia spp.

(dandruff), fungi

Trypanosoma spp.

(sleeping sickness) protozoa

Toxoplasma spp.

(“cat mind control”) protozoa

Leishmania spp.

(skin sores) protozoa

Plasmodium spp.

(malaria) protozoa

Trichomonas spp.

(STI) protozoa

Giardia spp.

(gastro-) protozoa

Major antimicrobial targets to know for viruses

entry genetic information flow assembly

Major antimicrobial targets to know for protozoa

folate synthesis heme polymerase free radical production electron transport chain

Major antimicrobial targets to know for bacteria

genetic information flow cell wall/membrane folate synthesis

Major antimicrobial targets to know for fungi

genetic information flow cell wall/membrane

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction

What is gel electrophoresis ?

separation of macromolecules based on size and charge

RNA-Seq to sequence _______

transcriptome

____ to detect nucleic acids or proteins

Blotting

Southern blot- Northern blot- western blot-

DNA RNA Protein

____ to detect DNA-protein binding

ChIP-Seq

heterologous expression

expression of gene(s) from another organism

genetic engineering

human-mediated genome modification

pathway engineering

improving biochemical pathways

GMOs

Genetically modified organisms

Mutagenesis

process of permanent + heritable change in genome

In gene deletion, replace gene or promoter with ______

selection marker

____ with plasmids/vectors

Cloning

What are restriction endonucleases?

antiviral bacterial defenses

Eukaryotic RNAi targets _____-

dsRNA

What does E. coli CRISPR/Cas9 stand for?

clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats