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Microbiology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

An oxidation reaction paired with reduction reaction

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2
Q

____ is the removal of electrons while ____ is the gain of electrons

A

Oxidation
Reduction

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3
Q

What is the difference between respiration and fermentation?

A

Respiration - Energy production from reduction of a final inorganic electron acceptor
Fermentation - Energy production from reduction of a final organic electron acceptor

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4
Q

What are some ways carbohydrates can be broken down?

A

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

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5
Q

What does glyoclysis do?

A

Oxidizes glucose to pyruvic acid to yield ATP and NADH

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6
Q

What does the Krebs cycle do?

A

Oxidizes pyruvate to yield ATP, GTP, NADH, FADH2 and biosynthetic intermediates

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7
Q

What does the electron transport chain use to yield ATP, NAD+ and FAD?

A

Chemiosmosis

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8
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

A

Nitrate, sulfate, H2O2, fumarate

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9
Q

What are some chemical and physical requirements for the growth of bacteria?

A

Chemical - Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, trace elements, phosphorus, sulfur
Physical - Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure

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10
Q

____ is the backbone of all organic molecules while ____ is used in nucleic acids, proteins and ATP

A

Carbon and nitrogen

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11
Q

____ is used for aerobic respiration, ____ is used in nucleic acids, phospholpids and ATP and ____ is used in amino acids, thiamine and biotin

A

Oxygen
Phosphorus
sulfur

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12
Q

What are the 5 main oxygen requirements for organisms?

A

Obligate aerobes
Facultataive anaerobes
Anaerobes
Areotolerant aerobes
Microaerophiles

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13
Q

Explain obligate aerobes

A

Organisms that require oxygen

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14
Q

Explain facultative aerobes.

A

They can use oxygen, but are able to grow via fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available

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15
Q

Explain anaerobes

A

Unable to use oxygen and most are harmed by it

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16
Q

Explain aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Tolerate but cannot use oxygen

17
Q

Explain microphiles

A

Require oxygen concentrations lower than normal

18
Q

What are some requirements for growth of cultures?

A

Chemical
- Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen (some), phosphorus, sulfur
Physical
- Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure

19
Q

What are the difference between temperature-based organisms?

A

Psychrophiles - Cold-loving
Mesophiles - Moderate temperature loving (humans)
Thermophiles - Heat-loving
Hyperthermophiles - Extthermophiles

20
Q

What pH do most organisms grow?

A

between 6.5 and 7.5

21
Q

What are the different organisms pH requirements?

A

Acidophiles - Grow in acidic environments
Neutrophiles - Grow in neutral (ish) environments (humans)
Alkaliphiles - Grow in basic envioromnts

22
Q

What are hypertonic environments and what do they cause?

A

Higher solute concentation outside than inside the cell, causing plamolysis due to high osmotic pressure

23
Q

What are hypotonic environments and what do they cause?

A

Lower solute concentation outside than inside the cell, causing lysis

24
Q

____ requires high osmotic pressure while ____ tolerates high osmotic pressure

A

Extreme/obligate halophiles
Facultative

25
Q

What are some methods of food preservation?

A

Drying, pickling, Sugar/salting and cooling

26
Q

What are some methods of obtaining pure cultures?

A

Streak plate method
Quadrant streal method
Preservation?

27
Q

Bacterial divsion is the increase in ______

A

the number of cells, not cell size

28
Q

What is generation time for bacteria?

A

The time required for a cell to divide
20 minutes to 24 hours

29
Q

What are the phases of growth for bacteria?

A

Lag, log, stationary, death

30
Q

What are direct ways to count microbes?

A

Plate count
Filtration
Most probable number method
Microscopic count
Pour plate method

31
Q

What are some indirect measurements of microbial growth?

A

Metabolic activity, tubididty and dry weight

32
Q

What are some physical methods of sterilization and what works best?

A

Heat (dry and moist)
Filtration
Irradiation
Sound waves
Pressure
Sunlight

33
Q

What do alcohols do to nutrients?

A

Denature proteins and dissolve lipids

Microbiology (8 decks)

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