Lecture 3 Flashcards
What is a redox reaction?
An oxidation reaction paired with reduction reaction
____ is the removal of electrons while ____ is the gain of electrons
Oxidation
Reduction
What is the difference between respiration and fermentation?
Respiration - Energy production from reduction of a final inorganic electron acceptor
Fermentation - Energy production from reduction of a final organic electron acceptor
What are some ways carbohydrates can be broken down?
Glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain
What does glyoclysis do?
Oxidizes glucose to pyruvic acid to yield ATP and NADH
What does the Krebs cycle do?
Oxidizes pyruvate to yield ATP, GTP, NADH, FADH2 and biosynthetic intermediates
What does the electron transport chain use to yield ATP, NAD+ and FAD?
Chemiosmosis
What is the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
Nitrate, sulfate, H2O2, fumarate
What are some chemical and physical requirements for the growth of bacteria?
Chemical - Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, trace elements, phosphorus, sulfur
Physical - Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure
____ is the backbone of all organic molecules while ____ is used in nucleic acids, proteins and ATP
Carbon and nitrogen
____ is used for aerobic respiration, ____ is used in nucleic acids, phospholpids and ATP and ____ is used in amino acids, thiamine and biotin
Oxygen
Phosphorus
sulfur
What are the 5 main oxygen requirements for organisms?
Obligate aerobes
Facultataive anaerobes
Anaerobes
Areotolerant aerobes
Microaerophiles
Explain obligate aerobes
Organisms that require oxygen
Explain facultative aerobes.
They can use oxygen, but are able to grow via fermentation or anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not available
Explain anaerobes
Unable to use oxygen and most are harmed by it
Explain aerotolerant anaerobes
Tolerate but cannot use oxygen
Explain microphiles
Require oxygen concentrations lower than normal
What are some requirements for growth of cultures?
Chemical
- Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen (some), phosphorus, sulfur
Physical
- Temperature, pH, osmotic pressure
What are the difference between temperature-based organisms?
Psychrophiles - Cold-loving
Mesophiles - Moderate temperature loving (humans)
Thermophiles - Heat-loving
Hyperthermophiles - Extthermophiles
What pH do most organisms grow?
between 6.5 and 7.5
What are the different organisms pH requirements?
Acidophiles - Grow in acidic environments
Neutrophiles - Grow in neutral (ish) environments (humans)
Alkaliphiles - Grow in basic envioromnts
What are hypertonic environments and what do they cause?
Higher solute concentation outside than inside the cell, causing plamolysis due to high osmotic pressure
What are hypotonic environments and what do they cause?
Lower solute concentation outside than inside the cell, causing lysis
____ requires high osmotic pressure while ____ tolerates high osmotic pressure
Extreme/obligate halophiles
Facultative
