lecture 6 Flashcards
We only use 10% of our brain.
false
Some of us are “left-brained” and some are “right-brained,” and this helps explain differences in how we learn.
false
Exercises that rehearse coordination of motor-perception skills
can improve literacy skills.
false
Individuals learn better when they receive information in their preferred learning style (e.g., auditory, visual, kinesthetic).
false- is actually a neuromyth
Mental capacity is genetic and cannot be changed by the environment or experience.
false
Brain development has finished by the time children reach puberty.
false
we use out braise 24h a day
true
There are specific periods in childhood after which certain
things can no longer be learned.
false
is there a point where it is easier to acquire language
true
what are the two big subtypes of biological theories
genetic and neuroscience theories
neuroscience theories have to completely accept the premise of what
the brain is where intelligence comes from
what are some old methods of predicting IQ scores
endocast and head circumferance
frenology
aspects of different personalities; the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities
head size was mostsly correlated with what
g
if your plexus correa produces too much liquid what happens
it causes pressure
intracranial pressure presents with what symptoms
pupils wont dilate, intense headaches… basically shows neurological symptoms
hemmorrhage shows with what symptoms
pupils wont function the same, nausea, vomitting, intense headaches
hydrocephalus
slight increase fo pressure- pushes on the brain- presents with cognitive difficulties- use an IQ test to see where those difficulties are
normal pressure hydrocephalus
same but without increased pressure- may not see clinical signs
dementia (normal pressure hydrophalus dementia)
normal pressure over time will limit the efficiency of how the brain ages
for people to find out if IQ score correlate differently with diff brain regions what would the researchers do?
brain lesions
flourens
french , studied pigeon brains- assessed the effect on behaviour- noticed many had no effect or consequences with the lesions- concluded only used 10% of brain -FALSE
broca
landmark because he showed there’s specialization in the brain
whats broca most known for
language production- the broca area- two patients that had lesions and made argument that some sub-specializations in the brain
difference between non fluent and fluent aphasia
brocas aphasia- few word come out
wernickes aphasia- word salad
Lashley
canadian- similar to flourence with rats and put them in mazes- he noticed that the amount of lesions(brain material you damage) that will be best predictor of performance
lashley came out with two principles
equipotentiality and mass action
mass action
efficacy of learning depends on the amount of cortex available
equipotentiality
one part of the brain can take over if another is lesioned
Gazzaniga
studying epilepsy patients- right brain and left brain was a paradigm- severed corpus callosum to prevent the spreading of electricity on both sides- by doing so he separated the brain into two- split brains
brenda milner
specific brain regions serve different purposes
BA
broadman area
broadman area is
post mortem- look at braind and depending on the brain they created a comenclature and separated the brain into 52 regions
significant brain damage did not always result in
dramatic lowering of IQ score
frontal or parietal damage related to
deficits in global IQ and scales of g factor
what was the thoery about the four subscales
depending where you r lesion was, different part of the IQ test was going to be affected
Perceptual organizaion if affected if
lesions in occipital lobe
verbal comprehension is affected if
temporal left prefrontal is damaged
working memory is affected if
parietal is damaged
for processing speed what are the two specualtions of why it could be affected
- where processing speed sits in the brain
- accessed processing speed with visual input so thats why such a posterior contribution
Structural imaging is
mushy stuff in the brain
what does structural imaging do
inject a tracer and look at how the individual processes glucose and oxygen
functional imagine is
function of the organ with the tracer
why was nrain imaging so important
because you were able to see inside a persons head without trauma
ct scans
computed tomography using x-rays
mri
magnetic resonance functioning
what does the mri do
reveals the structure of soft tissue in the body and uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce two or three-d images of brain structures
there is a posiitve correlation with total brain volume and
IQ
the positive correlation of total brain size and IQ is higher in
adults
why are children less affected by the positive correlation of brain size and IQ
still develpoing and lots of specialization happening
structural imagine showed highes correlations IQ/ G/ GF and grey matter are
prefrontal, parietal, occipital, and the cerebellum
structural imagine correlations IQ and grey matter are MORE IMPORTANT in
prefrontal, parietal, and cingulate gyrus- limbic system
brian density is more important in
prefrontal and limbic systems
first neural myth key point
that statement was wildly exaggerated- they are false because of this
why do the regions light up in functional resoning
realm of hydroactive component of the tracer being catched by the machine which allows to see the movement of oxygen/ consupmtion of glucose
functional imagine means
activation
activation means
use of glucose or oxygen in a certain area
jung and haier
reviewed 37 structural and functional stufies
what was considered to be most important for human intelligence after jun and haier results
discrete brain regions oof the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the parietal cortex
the fronto parietal integration theory (PFIT) `
the distributed network of intelligence ; elucidates the critical interaction between association cortices within parietal and frontal brain regions which, when effectively linked by white matter structures
areas consistently found with intelligent behaviour are
frontal and parietal lobes as well as white matter tracks connecting to these regions
the distributed network of intelligence
brain integrated posterior areas then frther integration to higher level process in anterior areas
what may the distributed network of intelligence explain
why 2 people can produce an intelligent behaviour with activating different regions
various combination of recruiting different regions may produce
same intelligent output or different output, profile, or patterns
idea of efficiency theory
are higher iq individuals just more effieicent with their body
brain represents what percentage of the brain
2%
what total percent of oxygen and glucose does the brain consume
20 and 25
efficiency theory put more simply
more efficient machine will use its gas more effeicently
haier were wondering
if low iq individuals might have less efficient brains, this is due to a failure of neural pruning
neural pruning
normal developmental reduction of extra synapsis
the efficiency hypothesis alternate hypothesis predictions
PET scan of low IQ individual would show lower activity
because of some kind of brain damage was assumed to be responsible for the low IQ.
PET scan of low IQ individual would show lower activity in
individuals with down syndrome because it was thought to be caused by a failure of neural pruning
the efficiency hypothesis alternate hypothesis findings
The PET image showed more activities (i.e. yellow and red) through the brain in both low IQ groups compared to normal controls on the right.
They saw this as evidence for the efficiency hypothesis
default mode network
metwork of brain regions that are active when an idnividual is awake and at rest - circuit of interconnected defined brain regions
the default mode network activates when
individuals focus on internal tasks
in passive tasks results showed
greater activation in specific posterior brain areas (left BA37/19) in high RAPM scorers
subsequent passive task results showed
high/low RAPM group difference in
functional connectivity between left BA37/19 activity and the left
anterior cingulate/medial frontal gyrus
take home message of passive tasks
higher iq individuals show greater activation even at rest
short version passive task functional neruoimaging
found correlation with with their Ravens
score and activation in posterior area during the
mindless task. (Haier 2003). Later studies also did find link between frontal
activations and passive tasks like watching TV
lower activation with
higher iq
boiven
did PET with 33 subjects at ‘‘rest’’
(i.e., no specific g task) and found inverse and positive correlations
between frontal lobe activity and scores on the RAPM
and the WAIS
boiven and haier
agree
eeg
looking at brain waves
simple version of eeg study
look at resting state- laying down then something beeps- then related potential is the brain wave recording - looka tht eshape after event of event related potential
genera n1 is assumed to
reflect selective attention to basic stimulus characteristics, initial selection for later pattern recognition and intentional discrimination processingp
P300 components is thought to
reflect higher cognitive response to unexpected and or cogntiively salient stuff
