lecture 4 Flashcards
cognitive theories entail
what cognitive processes are involved in intelligent performance
iq tests always show a
positive manifold
what is a positive manifold
when there is a positive correlation between two things
simple sensory testing who spiked interest in it
galton, spearman, Wissler
what were the three men looking for
simple sensory measure as an index of intelligence
what was the premise of the simple sensory testing
more intelligent people are more efficient at fine sensory discrimination
what were they looking for with the simple sensory testing
correlation between simple sensory measures and IQ
the recorded time indicates
accuracy with which the system processes inputs and produces outputs+ time needed for basic decision making
early studies done for line test correlation
-0.8 and 0.9
nettelbeck and lally 1976 correlation
included people who had low iq so the wide range inflated the size of the correlation- when corrected the estimate was -0.5
later meta analysis correlation
approx -0.3 and -0.5 if corrected for restrictio n
very dissimilar tests are highly
correlated and are loaded in g
the paradigm
starting position
reaction time
movement time
findings of the paradigm by jensen
simple reaction time without choices
tiny increase n correlation with number of alternatives
hicks law
fire together wire togetehr
reaction time = LOG number of options
jensons initial data came from university students which meant
restricted range of IQ
why does reaction time correlate with iQ
differens in learning or practice effect
differences in sustained attention
differences in attentional lapses
reaction time decreases with practice for
all individuals
high iq people show greater
learning ability
correlation between IQ and variability of RT is about
0.2
performance on sustained attention correlates
with reaction time
peoples…. rather than…. correlated best with iq
longer reaction times, shorter reaction times
conclusion of rt
it is too poorly correlated wiht iq to be an explanation of g
theoretical problem 1 of studies on simple/choice reaction time tasks
slope of rt is supposed correlate with iq
theoretical problem 2 of studies on simple/choice reaction time tasks
mean MT correlated with IQ (movement time)
theoretical problem 3 of studies on simple/choice reaction time tasks
low reliability ; good split half reliability ; low test-retest reliability
Why does inspection time correlate with IQ
suggests that sustained attention is crucial so longer apart the tests are the less likely you are to perform well
what is correlation driven by
processing speed and perceptual reasoning scales on wais
what is not the central process behind all tests that explain the positive manifold
inspection time
inspection time measures mostly
speed of processing not raw mental power of g
gf increases through… peaks in.. and declines
adolescence, early to mid 20s, thereafter
timothy salthouse suggests
decline in fluid ability is result of slowing of processing speed
limited time mechnism
slower processes occupy available time higher level processes may not have time to be executed
simultaneity mechanism
because of slowing, product of first processes may be lost when later processes are completed
salthouses theory
several speed factors at work; not endorsing decline of speek with aging is due to a single factor
what do people do in order to compensate for their lack in slower processing
adapt their strategies
salthouses theory does not explain intelligence per se, but
explains the decline in GF in late life
salthouse points out an important factor to consider when designing education and training for old adults
speed of processing!
cowans theory of intelligence
the larger the working memory the more complex the ideas can be, the more complex the learnings can be
… helps dealing with large amount of info in working memory …
knowledge, reducing the wm load by chunking
digit span forward
simple memory span
digit span backward, digist span re-ordering, letter-number sequencing
working memory span
arithmetic
mathematical skills, working memory, and executive wm
substantial positive correlations between measures of
working memory and IQ reported
working memory spans show robust correlations with
scholastic aptitude and gf
individuals with high gf scores also provide faster
reaction times and working memory
kyllonen and christals 1990
ran 4 experiments on wm
n= 2100 air force recruits
paper pencil tests evaluating : reasoning, speed, general knowledge and wm
what were the findings of the kyllonen and christals study
correlations between reasoning and working memory in four experiments were 0.8–0.88
working memory plays a central role in intelligence
working memory still correlates with gf even when we take out
variance related to digist span forward and backward
iq and ef in short
they correlate frequently and significantly
gc tasks not as strongly correlated as
ef tasks
executive functioning is NOT
unitary
hunt and cognitive correlates theory
participants are tested using cognitive psychology experimental paradigms to inform about basic cognitive abilities
what was hunts theory looking for
correlation between tests goal= identify the cognitive components involved in each tests
what were hunts conclusions on his study
verbal ability appeared to be related to rapidity of processes in short term memory
quantitative ability appeared to be related to resistance to interference in memory
sternberg and the cognitive components theory
investigated the analogy
model had 7 processing components
what were the 7 components in sternbergs model
encoding, inference, mapping, application, justification, comparison, and response
the sub component encoding had a
significant correlation with reasoning in positive direction
sub component inference and mapping had
negative correlation with gf ; indicates these component latencies are not measuring simple speed of reasoning
sub component response execution was
strongly correlated negatively with reasoning
what was the interpretation of sternbergs study
intelligent individuals would spend more time on encoding but less on inference and application
sternberg and gardner worked together and did what to the model
extended it on 2 other typical iq tasks : series completion and classification- replicated sternbergs original findings
criticisms of sternberg and gardner
lack of generality; how is it explaining real life circumstances of intelligence
mutualism theory premise
cognitive processes have mutual beneficial or facilitating relations ; each process supports the development of other processes
associationist theory
tests that load high on g are simply tasks that sample a high proportion of these millions processes
