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Pollution - Elective > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Any condition which provides an opportunity for an external environment agent to contact (and enter) the human body:

A

Exposure

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2
Q

Measure or estimate of the intensity, frequency, and duration of human exposure to an agent:

A

Exposure assessment

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3
Q

Characterize relationship between varying exposures and incidences of adverse effects in exposed populations (environmental epid):

A

Dose-response assessment

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4
Q

T or F: mere presence of a contaminant at some concentration does not necessarily imply that people will be exposed

A

T

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5
Q

Concentration _______ exposure _____ dose

A

is NOT, is NOT

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6
Q

Exposure = _________ x __________ x __________

A

magnitude x frequency x duration

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7
Q

T or F: personal measurements are always the best

A

T

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8
Q

ADME is a fundamental notion in pharmacology and toxicology and stands for

A

Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

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9
Q

net accumulation of a contaminant in an organism from a) all external sources, including air, water, and solid phases (ex: food, soil, sediment) and b) all internal processes:

A

bioaccumulation

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10
Q

net accumulation of a contaminant in organism from water only

A

bioconcentration

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11
Q

What are the 3 key components of bioaccumulation:

A

1) uptake
2) biotransform
3) eliminate

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12
Q

Bird exposure to an oil spill:

A
  • Bird is exposed to the oil on his feathers
  • Absorption through skin, bird is going to try cleaning his feathers
  • Ingestion of contaminated food, gets broken down in the intestine and gets absorbed in the gut / goes to bloodstream
  • Breathing / inhalation - can be exposed through his lungs
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13
Q

Biologically mediated transformation of a chemical compound to another:

A

Biotransformation

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14
Q

Biotransformation leads to ____________________ and involves __________________

A

increased elimination, de-tox and toxification, sequestration, redistribution

enzymes limited by saturation kinetics

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15
Q

T or F: dimethylmercury is very toxic

A

T

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16
Q

Give some examples of biotransformation of metals:

A

1) organic conversion by microbes
2) sequestration by methallothioneins (30% cysteine, binds 6-7 metal atoms/protein)
3) biomineralization (Pb incorporation into bone, Hg-Se crystals)

17
Q

T or F: organics are rapidly excreted or metabolized

A

T

18
Q

What are the goals with the phase 1 transformation of organics:

A
  • Make them more H2O soluble
  • add COOH, OH, NH2, SH (hydrophilicity)
  • oxidation reactions (hydrolysis, reduction)
19
Q

What are the goals with the phase 2 transformation or organics:

A
  • to make the phase 1 products conjugated (adding a tag to get rid of it - sends a message to the body that we want to get rid of it
  • add cysteine, glutathione, glycine, glucorinic acid (promote biliary elimination)
20
Q

T or F: the intermediates can often be more dangerous compared to the original molecule

A

T

21
Q

Excretion is a _________ process, biotransformation is a ___________ process

A

physical

chemical

22
Q

Contaminated organism placed in clean environment; loss of contaminant monitored over time =

A

Depuration

23
Q

Different types of excretion (physical process):

A

1) Liver (hepatic clearance) = large MW compounds (more than 300 da) - liver (biotransform) / bile (solubilize lipids) / feces; mainly organics
2) Kidney (renal clearance) = lower MW (less than 300 da); passive - active filtration; mainly metals

24
Q

__________ are naturally occurring isotopes

A

Stable isotopes (same atomic number, different atomic mass)

25
Q

15-N stable isotopes as __________

A

tracers

26
Q

As you move up the food chain, the body will take more of the ___________ nitrogen

A

heavier (shows biomagnification of mercury)

27
Q

N15 levels are going up when herring gulls are eating more _________

A

smelts

28
Q

Gulls are eating at a ____________ position

A

lower trophic

29
Q

Do we have a high magnification effect on terrestrial food chains?

A

No (only first-level predator)

Pollution - Elective (19 decks)

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