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Pollution - Elective > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How many chemicals are there in commerce?

A

85,000 - 350,000

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2
Q

Of 3,000 HPV, what % have basic risk information?

A

Only 7% of these chemicals have all 6 of the most basic screening tests

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3
Q

Globally, rivers that serve __ people are plagued by chemical, biological, and physical stressors?

A

5 billion

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4
Q

NAQS = ____________________

A

National air quality strategy

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5
Q

How many Americans live in areas that are above NAQS

A

1/3 of Americans

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6
Q

How many litres of air do you inhale per day?

A

11,000 L

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7
Q

How many people die prematurely each year because of pollution?

A

10 million

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8
Q

GBD = _____________

A

Global burden disease

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9
Q

Name some groups that are vulnerable to pollution?

A
  • Old
  • Young children
  • Pregnant
  • Poor
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10
Q

What was the position of the Lancet Commission on pollution and health?

A
  • Pollution kills, tremendous GBD
  • We have not dealt with it properly
  • Vulnerable groups are disproportionately impacted
  • Health and environment is linked with economic and human rights
  • Win-win-win solutions exist
  • Canada can provide global leadership
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11
Q

Define bioavailability:

A

it is how much a chemical can actually be consumed by the body

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12
Q

What is one of the most polluted place in the world?

A

The Arctic

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13
Q

Give an example of NIMBY:

A

Sarnia, located between Ontario and Michigan, a lot of industries are installed there and there’s a neighborhood nearby. The pollution caused by the industries contained some endocrine disruptors that affected the sex ratio.

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14
Q

Who are the main drivers of pollution?

A

Humans

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15
Q

Why is Agbogbloshie ranked the most polluted place worldwide?

A

Because it is one of the largest electronic waste dump worldwide

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16
Q

DDT appeared as a contaminant around the __________

A

1950s

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17
Q

What are the most recent contaminants (1990s) ?

A

Endocrine disruptors (PCBs, pesticides)

18
Q

In the 1850s industrial soot caused melanism of ______

A

moths

19
Q

What is the dilution paradigm?

A

The solution to pollution is dillution

20
Q

What is the boomerang paradigm?

A

What you throw away can come back and hurt you

21
Q

What principle states that: When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause and effect relationships are not fully established scientifically

A

The Precautionary Principle

22
Q

DDT =

A

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

23
Q

DDT = _______________ + __________________

A

trichloroethanol + chlorobenzene

24
Q

Good boomerang example is ____

A

DDT

25
Q

T or F: Hormones like cholesterol & testosterone possess the same type of structure as DDT (very strong / resilient)

A

T

26
Q

T or F: DDT has a planar structure (benzene rings are not going to split up easily)

A

T

27
Q

T or F: DDT is fat soluble and readily crosses biological membranes

A

T

28
Q

What chemical was the 1st modern pesticide?

A

DDT

29
Q

DDT is a contact ________________________

A

poison against several arthropods/insects

30
Q

Paul Muller in 1939 discovered what ?

A

DDT

31
Q

Whar is the mechanism of action of DDT?

A

It opens the sodium (Na) channels in insect neurons which causes hyperstimulation, spasms and death

32
Q

DDT can treat malaria, _________ and _________

A

Dutch elm disease and gypsy moths

33
Q

What happens if DDT loses 1 Cl?

A

A C=C bond will form, different metabolites can be more toxic than the original DDT because they can bind to more compounds in the body

34
Q

Fate: T or F: DDT is considered a persistent chemical?

A

true, it has a half life of 2-15 years

35
Q

DDT builds up in the food chain (biomagnification) because it is _______________

A

lipophilic / accumulates in fatty tissues

36
Q

DDT biomagnifies ______________

A

10-million-fold

37
Q

What species are at risk of DDT?

A
  • high trophic birds (ie: falcons)
  • direct effects on humans: minimal
  • indirect effects on humans: numerous
38
Q

Anthropogenic =

A

coming from human activity

39
Q

DDT is not banned in ______________

A

south african countries, because Malaria is very present

40
Q

Stockholm Convention =

A

2001, changing attitude towards nature

41
Q

Name 2 risks of using DDT:

A

1) Ecosystem wide effects

2) Long-term consequences are unknown (precautionary principle)

42
Q

Name 3 benefits of using DDT:

A

1) DDT eradicated malaria in N.America/Europe
2) 500 million people contract
3) kills 1% (children under age of 5, African, poor)

Pollution - Elective (19 decks)

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