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Pollution - Elective > Lecture 2 Whyte > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Whyte Flashcards

1
Q

What are organic pollutants?

A

They contain carbon, ex: DDT and oil

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2
Q

Name some abiotic degradation mechanisms:

A
  • photochemical (sunlight very good at degrading hydrocarbons)
  • chemical (oxidation/reduction)
  • mechanical (waves, storms, winds) - wind, water, mixing, dilution
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3
Q

What are microorganisms the most important in pollutant degradation?

A

Because they are responsible for 90-95% of the biodegradation

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4
Q

What does mineralization mean?

A

Converting organic compounds to CO2

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5
Q

Modification or transformation:

A

product may be more or less of a pollution problem

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6
Q

Microbiology is the study of __________

A

bacteria

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7
Q

Microscopic:

A
  • plant and animals (including protozoa)
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • archaea
  • viruses and prions
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8
Q

Thiomargarita namibiensis:

A
  • some type of sulfur metabolism

- anaerobic uses nitrate as an electron acceptor

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9
Q

Leadership, predominant influence or domination of esp. as exercised by one nation over others :

A

Hegemony

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10
Q

T or F: Over 50% of the global biomass is ____________

A

microbial

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11
Q

Leadership, supremacy of microbial:

A

extraordinary metabolic capacity!

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12
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.5 billion years old

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13
Q

Microbes have been around for about ______, over that time they have been exposed ti every imaginable organic compound and environment

A

3-4 billion years

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14
Q

T or F: Microorganisms have a complex metabolic process that has evolved over time

A

T

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15
Q

T or F: 99% of microbial species have never been cultured

A

T

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16
Q

4.5 billion years ago theres was no free ____ in the atmosphere

A

O2

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17
Q

Oxygen occured in the atmosphere when cyanobacteria came up with ____________

A

oxygenic photosynthesis

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18
Q

T or F: eukaryotic cells have organelles and nucleus

A

T

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19
Q

Bacteria have been on Earth for ____ billion years

A

3.5

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20
Q

Cyanobacteria are capable of:

A
  • photosynthesis

- nitrogen fixation

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21
Q

Stromatolites =

A

cyanobacteria-like microfossils

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22
Q

In 1g of soil you can find ________ cells and _______ species

A

10^8-10^9

10,000+

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23
Q

The vast majority of bacteria and archaea cannot be grown in culture, some may be viable but ________________

A

not culturable

24
Q

If some bacteria are not culturable, how do we know that they exist at all?

A

1) Microscopy: direct microscopic counts can exceed viable counts by several orders of magnitude
2) Respiration tests

3) Molecular biology
- 16srRNA sequences, the molecular clock, position on tree of life

25
Q

What are the top 3 habitats for microorganisms culturability?

A
  • activated sludge
  • soil
  • sediments
  • freshwater
26
Q

Prokaryotic cells do not have a _________

A

nucleus

27
Q

Name some common prokaryotic morphologies:

A
  • coccus
  • bacillus
  • spirillum
  • stalked bacteria
28
Q

The lecture that changed biology was called the __________ and was given by _____________

A

central dogma of life

Francis Crick

29
Q

Explain the central dogma of life:

A

Once information has got into a protein, it can’t get out again
(DNA - RNA - Protein)

30
Q

There are 3 life forms on Earth that are all related to a lost common ancestor:

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • eukaryotes
31
Q

Based on 16s rRNA, prokaryotic world is the most __________

A

diverse

32
Q

T or F: we think that eukaryotes evolved from the fusion of a bacterial cell with and archaeal cell approx 2 billion years ago

A

T

33
Q

Based on the comparison of 16S rRNA sequences, it is possible to study the phylogenetic relationship between all cells. The picture emerging from these studies suggests that the greatest diversity in the living world is within the ______________

A

microbial world

34
Q

We have archaea in our intestines that act as _____________ (produce methane)

A

methanogens

35
Q

The ___________ include the well-known species, including pathogens humans are most concerned about, but the majority of species have never been characterized and are found in every niche on the planet

A

bacteria

36
Q

The _______ are organisms previously thought to be limited to extreme environments such as anaerobic environments, hot springs, and others. While Archaea dominate some of these niches, they are ubiquitous. Archaea have some unique physiological properties

A

Archaea

37
Q

Evolution of metabolic capabilities in bacteria:

A

genetics, physiology = ecological niche, genetics

38
Q

Ecological niche is the site of _________ and ________, these factors are part of the selective pressure that stimulates the evolution of metabolic capacities in microbes

A

competition

change in conditions

39
Q

The probability that we will find a species or consortia of species that can bioremediate a particular pollution problems is _____

A

high

40
Q

May have to use _______ and/or molecular methods to find microbes that would be useful for bioremediation

A

culture-based

41
Q

Where to look for pollution degraders?

A

Soil and water in contaminated sites is a great place to start, biodegraders should be enriched and selected for these environments

42
Q

What are 3 key properties of prokaryotes:

A
  • small size (1-2 um), high S/V ratio, favours chemistry
  • rigid cell wall (requires transport extracellular enzymes)
  • metabolic diversity (alternate energy sources, light, organics, inorganics, alternate oxidants (O2, metals, CO2, etc)
43
Q

What are 3 key properties of eukaryotes:

A
  • larger size cells (10/25um), complex structures multicells/tissues
  • flexible cell walls (phagocytosis)
  • metabolic specialisation (O2 respiration, organic C as fuel)
44
Q

In the microbial world, growth is essentially the multiplication of cells by the successive division of mother cells into 2 ___________

A

daughter cells

45
Q

Metabolism can be divided in 2 sets of reactions:

A

catabolic and anabolic

46
Q

Microbes obtain energy by a complex set of _______________

A

redox reactions

47
Q

________ is the removal of electrons from an atom or molecule

A

oxidation

48
Q

___________ is the addition of electrons

A

reduction

49
Q

Oxidation reduction reactions can result in the release of free energy which is captured in the form of _______________

A

energy rich chemical bonds

50
Q

If glucose is the main nutrient for a bacterium, it will be first transported across the membrane, then it will be oxidized to _____

A

CO2

51
Q

The mineralization process can be divided in three steos:

A

Step 1: Glycolysis, the breaking of glucose (6C) into 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C)

Step 2: The complete combustion of pyruvate to CO2 through a cyclic set of reactions: the tricarboxylic acids cycle (Krebs cycle), during this cycle, the pyruvate will be decarboxylated leasing to the production of CO2

Step 3: Some of these reactions will lead to the reduction of coenzymes (NADH, FADH) that will be further oxidized in the respiratory chain (electron transport system) in a process known as oxidative phosphorylation which produces the proton motive force (PMF)

52
Q

What is Atrazine:

A

A pesticide that was created during the revolution of food production to increase productivity, microorganisms had never seen these molecules before - they didn’t have the time to evolve a chemical pathway to get rid of them

53
Q

Benzene is an hydrocarbon found in ___________

A

gasoline

54
Q

Toluene and xylene can be used in:

A

household products

55
Q

Oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor in ______________ respiration

A

aerobic

56
Q

What is Aerobic respiration:

A
  • It uses oxygen as terminal electron acceptor
  • Reducing power (NADH etc) generated by oxidation of energy source
  • Electrons are transferred to the ETC, then to the terminal electron acceptor (O2 into H2O)
  • Results in a proton gradient (H+) outside the cell membrane
  • H+ gradient fuels processes like ATP synthase pump to create ATP

**The overall process is called oxidative phosphorylation

Pollution - Elective (19 decks)

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