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Pollution - Elective > Lecture 3 Whyte > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Whyte Flashcards

1
Q

Name an example of an organic pollutant:

A

hydrocarbon (C-H bonds)

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2
Q

Name an inorganic pollutant:

A

mercury/metals/heavy metals

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3
Q

Why are most organic pollutant better degraded aerobically?

A

Because the process is faster and more complete oxidation to CO2. This is important for bioremediation because you’re reducing the amount of contaminant in the environment more quickly, therefore it becomes less toxic

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4
Q

T or F: Anaerobic degradation steps are also very important in the biodegradation of some pollutants

A

T

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5
Q

T or F: Pollutant biodegradation is not limited by O2 as long as there is an alternative terminal electron acceptor and lots of it!

A

T

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6
Q

What are some examples of anaerobic systems within out bodies:

A
  • muscles

- GI tract

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7
Q

What bacteria can function well in an anaerobic environement:

A
  • SRB

- methanogens

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8
Q

Why is the middle of a soil aggregate anaerobic?

A

Because the bugs in the middle are metabolizing all the available oxygen faster than the rate of diffusion in the soil aggregate

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9
Q

The soil environment is a ______________ microbial habitat!

A

heterogenous

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10
Q

The soil contains both ____________ and ___________ zones, varies greatly, even within a soil aggregate

A

aerobic

anaerobic

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11
Q

T or F: O2 concentration decreases with depth in a soil

A

T

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12
Q

O2 concentration decreases towards the center of a soil particle due to diffusion, and utilization of O2 on the _________ (before it can diffuse in)

A

surface

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13
Q

Different terminal electron acceptors are available in different ______ and the availability of the terminal electron acceptors differs with ______

A

niches

depth

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14
Q

Many organisms utilize metallic terminal electron acceptors (ie., ________________________), which also vary with depth

A

MnO2

Fe(OH)3

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15
Q

T or F: Some organisms may only be able to utilize one compound as their electron acceptor whereas others may be able to utilize more than one, but usually from adjacent zones only

A

T

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16
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

When electrons are transferred to compounds other than O2

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17
Q

Give the name of these 2 compounds:

  • NO3
  • SO4
A
  • nitrate

- sulfate

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18
Q

Reduction of the terminal electron acceptor may occur in _________ rather than cytoplasm but the effect is the same

A

periplasm

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19
Q

Some organic compounds may serve as terminal electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration such as:

A
  • fumarate to succinate via fumarate reductase

- transfer of electrons to CO2 yielding waste (CH4)

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20
Q

Electron donor is the one that gets _______________

A

oxidized

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21
Q

Denitrifiers use _____ as a terminal electron acceptor and reduce it to gaseous product such as _____ and ___.

A

NO3-
N2O
N2

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22
Q

A great variety of bacteria are denitrifiers. The most abundant in soil are _________ and ___________

A

Pseudomonas

Alcaligenes

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23
Q

__________________ and _________________ are toluene degrading bacteria under anaerobic conditions

A

Thauera aromatica

Azoarcus tolulyticus

24
Q

Iron-reducing and manganese-reducing bacteria are little known bacteria that can use iron or manganese as terminal electron acceptor in the oxidation process of ______________

A

organic matter

25
Q

A Fe-reducing bacterium degrading toluene under anoxic conditions was recently isolated:

A

Geobacter metallireducens GS15

26
Q

H2S (hydrogen sulfide) smells like:

A

rotten eggs

27
Q

________________ use sulfate as the terminal electron acceptor and are very useful in biodegradation/bioremediation of wastewater treatment plant

A

sulfate-reducing bacteria

28
Q

T or F: sulfate-reducing bacteria are strict anaerobes and use sulfate as terminal electron acceptor

A

T

29
Q

_________________ are strict anaerobes that use CO2 as electron acceptor with H2 as energy and electron source or ferment acetate. these are important bacteria for a number of environmental problems related to atmospheric trace gases, but they are also intensely studied since they have been implicated in the anaerobic degradation of toluene in sediment or activated sludge reactors

A

methanogenic archaea

30
Q

Fermenters use ______________ as a terminal electron acceptor

A

organic molecules

31
Q

Clostridium are a good example of _________________ found in soil

A

fermenting bacteria

32
Q

Why is Shewanella oneidensis a super microbe:

A

because it can use a wide variety of electron acceptors

33
Q

Mercury has tendency to concentrate in ___________________ and is highly toxic

A

living tissues

34
Q

The major form of mercury in the atmosphere is elemental mercury (Hg0), which is volatile and oxidized to mercuric ion (Hg2+) ______________

A

photochemically

35
Q

Most mercury enters aquatic environments as ______

A

Hg2+

36
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, microorganisms transform Hg2+ into ____________________, an extremely soluble and toxic compound

A

methylmercury (CH3HG+)

37
Q

T or F: Several bacteria can also transform toxic methylmercury to nontoxic forms, which is being explored to bioremediate Hg contaminated sites

A

T

38
Q

Hg methylation is an _________________ process

A

anaerobic

39
Q

Hg demethylation is an __________________ process

A

anaerobic and aerobic

40
Q

T or F: Most pathogenic bacteria are heterotrophs and use organic carbon as their energy source

A

T

41
Q

To define microbial nutritional categories we need to ask the following questions:

A
  • What is the source of energy
  • What is the source of electrons
  • What is the source of carbon
42
Q

Photoautotrophs get their energy source from __________ and carbon source from ________ * most cyanobacteria

A

light

CO2

43
Q

Chemoheterotrophs get their energy and carbon source from:

A

organic compounds

44
Q

Chemolithoatutotrophs get their energy from _______________ and their carbon from _________

A
  • inorganic compounds

- CO2

45
Q

What types of pollutants would be biodegraded by heterotrophic microorganisms?

A

Any type of pollutant that contains organic carbon, could probably be assimilated and biodegraded by heterotrophic microorganisms because they get their energy from carbons

46
Q

Bacteria able to oxidize reduced inorganic compounds such as NH4+, H2S, or H2 to synthesize ATP for biosynthesis and fix CO2

A

Chemolitoautotrophs

47
Q

________________ use NH4+ as sole energy source and oxiddize it to NO2-, these bacteria present some interests in the context of bioremediation since they have a monooxygenase which may attack some pollutants usch as TCE

A

Ammonia-oxidizing nitrfying bacteria

48
Q

________________________(Nitrobacter) use NO2- as sole energy source and oxidize it to NO3-

A

Nitrite-oxidizing nitrifying bacteria

49
Q

Environmental systems like soil or sediment are not ____________

A

homogenous

50
Q

Do the order of the 4 best electron acceptors in marine or fresh water system overlaying sediments:

A
  • Oxygen respiration
  • NO3-
  • SO4 2-
  • CO2
51
Q

A profile of sediment shows that after the depletion of O2, NO3- is depleted and then depletion of SO4 2- results in _________________. Finally, the utilization of CO2 results in _____________________ as ll the other potential electron acceptors have been depleted

A
  • sulfide accumulation

- CH4 accumulation

52
Q

Give an example of a reduced organic compounds

A

carbohydrates, CH4

53
Q

Give an example of a reduced inorganic compounds

A

H2S, Fe2+

54
Q

Need to energize the ______________________ via proton gradient

A

cytoplasmic membrane

55
Q

Proton gradient powers the production of:

A

ATP, NADPH

56
Q

The _______________ of NADPH are required for some biochemical reactions

A

reducing powers

Pollution - Elective (19 decks)

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