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Pollution - Elective > Lecture 4 Whyte > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Whyte Flashcards

1
Q

The _________________ indicates the type of cell wall a bacterial cell possesses

A

Gram stain

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2
Q

Gram positive are _________ and gram negative are ___________

A

purple

pink

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3
Q

Most of the characterized bacterial phyla, including many involved in biodegradation )ex: Pseudomonas) are gram ________________

A

negative

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4
Q

Gram negative cells have a _______ cell wall in the periplasmic space between the cytoplasmic and outer membranes

A

thin

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5
Q

Gram-positive cell walls are found in the ________________ and the _______________ (including Bacillus, Rhodococcus, etc)

A
  • Firmicutes

- Actinobacteria

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6
Q

Gram positive cells have a ________ cell wall outside the cytoplasmic membrane and do not have an ____________

A

thick

outer membrane

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7
Q

T or F: The cell walls and membranes of Archaea are completely different from those of Bacteria or Eucarya

A

T

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8
Q

Describe the 4 steps of a gram stain:

A
  • application of crystal violet
  • application of iodine (mordant)
  • application of alcohol (decolorization)
  • application of safranin (counterstain)
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9
Q

T or F: plants fix CO2 to organic compounds

A

T

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10
Q

T or F: Since the early 1900s, it has been recognized that organic matter is decomposed into small inorganic molecules, which are immobilized again by growing cells, cucled

A

T

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11
Q

Microbes play a great role in maintaining the dynamic equilibrium between the organic matter reservoir and the ________________

A

mineralized reservoir

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12
Q

T or F: Greenhouse gases cause climate change because they trap heat in our atmosphere (ex: CO2, CH4, N2O)

A

T

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13
Q

Microbes throughout the biosphere recycle: _______, ________, ___________ and other elements essential for all life

A
  • carbon
  • nitrogen
  • sulfur
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14
Q

T or F: Today all of these geochemical cycles are altered profoundly by human activity

A

T

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15
Q

As _________ is the most important element in the biosphere since it is the main constituent of cellular polymers (and organic pollutants)

A

carbon

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16
Q

CO2 may be fixed into organic matter either under ____________ conditions by oxygenic photosynthetic organisms (ie; cyanobacteria, algae, plants) and some chemolithoautotrophic bacteria (ie: nitrifying, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria) or under anaerobic conditions by anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria (ie: rhodospirillum, chlorobium)

A

aerobic

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17
Q

Organic matter is oxidized back to CO2 via aerobic respiration or ________________________

A

anaerobic respiration and fermentation

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18
Q

In soil or sediment, carbon may be in the organic matter which may be active (__________) or inactive (______________-)

A

living biomass

dead biomass

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19
Q

The mineral reservoir of carbon is ___________ or dissolved CO2 and calcareous _______ and _______ (calcium carbonate)

A

atmospheric

rocks and corals

20
Q

Some of the organic matter as well as CO2 may be converted to CH4 by diverse groups of Archaea called __________

A

methanogens

21
Q

CH4 can be oxidized to CO2 by a specialized group of bacteria called the _______________

A

methanotrophs

22
Q

Methylosinus and Methylococcus are examples od:

A

methanotrophs

23
Q

T or F: Artic regions are the ones that are warming up the fastest

A

T

24
Q

Methanotrophs possess a key enzyme that oxidizes CH4 to methanol: ________________(MMO), sometimes present on complex membrane structures

A

methane monooxygenase

25
Q

nitrifying bacteria that oxidize _________ to nitrite (see N cycle) have a similar enzyme called ammonium monooxygenase (AMO)

A

NH4

26
Q

The MMO system is very much studies since it can oxidize ______________________(TCE) in addition the CH4

A

trichloroethylene

27
Q

_____________ can be useful to treat natural systems contaminated with TCE either in reactors or in natural systems

A

methanotrophs

28
Q

What is the PPM concentration of CO2 in our atmosphere today?

A

Around 417 ppm

29
Q

The many oxidation states of S in various compounds means that reduced sulfur compounds are good energy sources while oxidized forms of S can be used as ___________________ for anaerobic respiration

A

electron acceptors

30
Q

sulfur is also an important element in the cell because of:

A

sulfur-containing amino acids such as methionine and cysteine

31
Q

Bacteria can degrade pollutants via anaerobic respiration is sulfate is abundant for use as terminal electron acceptor, process called:

A

dissmilatory sulfate reduction

32
Q

__________________ is a well know example for sulfate reducing bacteria, utilize sulfate as terminal electron acceptor, use H2 and/or organic carbon as energy source

A

Desulfovibrio

desulfo = sulfate reduction

33
Q

Prokaryotes have an extraordinary ________________

A

metabolic diversity and capacity

34
Q

Microbial bioenergetics and biogeochemical cycling are intricately ________

A

linked

35
Q

____ is an important element in cells (ir for proteins and nucleic acids)

A

Nitrogen

36
Q

T or F: growth of organisms (plants or pollutant-degrading bacteria) is often limited by nitrogen availability

A

T

37
Q

Bacteria can degrade pollutants via anaerobic respiration if nitrate is abundant for use as terminal electron acceptor, this process is called:

A

dissimilatory nitrate reduction

38
Q

T or F: In bioremediation, addition of N-fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) often stimulates mineralization of organic matter by decreasing the C/N ratio

A

T

39
Q

While the atmosphere is 79% N2 gas, only a small proportion of ________ and _______ (but no eucaryal) species, the diazotrophs, can fix n2

A

bacterial and archaeal

40
Q

N2-fixing bacteria (ex: azobacter) possess the enzyme ____________ that can reduce N2 to NH4+

A

NITROGENASE

41
Q

T or F: Most microbes and plants can assimilate NH4+

A

T

42
Q

NH4+ can be oxidized to NO2- and NO3- by bacterial ______________ under aerobic conditions

A

nitrfication

43
Q

____________ oxidize NH4+ to NO2- it possesses the enzyme ammonium monooxygenase (amo enzyme)

A

Nitrosomonas sp.

44
Q

_____________ oxidize NO2- TO NO3-

A

Nitrobacter

45
Q

NO3- may be assimilated by microbes and plants into organic matter or be reduced by bacteria to N2 via ________

A

denitrification

Pollution - Elective (19 decks)

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