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Physiology Exam 3 > Lecture 56- Non-Ruminant Herbivore Digestive Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 56- Non-Ruminant Herbivore Digestive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the ascending colon in a pig look like?

A

A spiral arrangement of coils in a cone shape

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2
Q

What does the ascending colon in a ruminant look like?

A

Arranged in spiral

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3
Q

What are the two type of fermenters?

A
  1. Pre-gastric fermenters
  2. Hindgut fermenters
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4
Q

What are the two classifications of pre-gastric fermenters?

A

Ruminants
->Femerling prior to gastric stomach and SI

Non-ruminant herbivores
->fermenting after gastric stomach and SI

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5
Q

What are two classifications of hindgut fermenters (non-ruminant herbivores)?

A

Cecal fermenters (rabbits, Guinea pigs, chinchillas, rat)

Colon federnderes (horses, gorillas, elephants, rhinos, koalas)

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6
Q

(TRUE/FALSE) Whether the animal ferments BEFORE and AFTER the gastric stomach and SI has a huge effect on efficiency of utilization of fermentation products

A

TRUE

*doesnt matter if animal ferments before or after

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7
Q

What are examples of non-ruminant herbivores?

A

Horse, rabbit, guinea pig, zebra, elephant, hippo, kangaroo

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8
Q

What are the THREE groups of non-ruminant herbivores? Which of these groups are hindgut fermenters?

A

Foregut fermenter
Cecal fermenter
Colon fermenter

*cecal fermenters and colon fermenters

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9
Q

Describe the modification that occurred to GIT to facilitate microbial fermentation?

A

Compartments of gastric stomach will selectively sort and retain fibrous material
Larger cecum and/or colon

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10
Q

When are the only two times fermentation is actually useful? If the digestive system can ….

A
  1. Retain digests and microbes
  2. Maintain an environment suitable for fermentation
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11
Q

What are three factors for utilizing microbial fermentation?

A
  1. Volume available for fermentation—greatest in ruminants
  2. Retention time (longer retention=more digesta)
  3. Microbial populations similar in most species
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12
Q

What type of stomach do foregut fermenters have?

A

Compartmentalized stomach

*one or more pouches for fermentation separate from gastric region—“pre-gastric” fermentation

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13
Q

How many pouches does a compartmentalized stomach have?

A

2-4 pouches

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14
Q

Which region expands for microbial fermentation?

A

Cardiac region

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15
Q

What type of feeders are foregut fermenters?

A

Bulk roughage feeders or browsers

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16
Q

Are any of the non-ruminant herbivore domesticated species foregut fermenters?

A

None

17
Q

How many pouches does a colobus monkey have?

A

4 pouches/chambers

18
Q

How many pouches/chambers do sloths have?

A

3 chambers/pouches

19
Q

What are two species that are Cecal fermenters?

A

Rodents and lagomorphs

20
Q

The cecum is a ______ sac, therefore digesta must pass via _____ of ____.

A

Blind

route entry

21
Q

How many times do Cecal contents enter the colon?

A

1-2 times/day

22
Q

How are particles separated in the colon?

A

-less dense material (larger fiber particles) stay in lumen
-denser, smaller particles + fluid around perimeter
-fiber particles move through colon
-fluid + smaller particles -> go into cecum for fermentation

23
Q

What are the two types of feces that cecal fermenters produce?

A

Hard feces -> indigestible feces

Soft feces (night feces) -> ceotropes are cecal contents coated with mucus and are consumed-> added B-vitamins made by microbial patterns

24
Q

Which three species are colon fermenters?

A

Equips, elephants, koalas

25
Q

Why is hindgut fermentation less efficient?

A

The anatomical location makes there less opportunity and ability to absorb products fermentation and utilize microbial protein

26
Q

Why is hindgut fermentation superior to ruminants fermentation for low quality forages?

A

*hindgut fermentation—digestion moves through faster, animal increases intake of feed
*ruminants low quality forage “hangs out” in lumen for a long time

27
Q

Where is the primary site of microbial fermentation and digestion of cellulose?

A

Hindgut

28
Q

What does the mixing of contents in the hingut promote?

A

Promote fermentation and expose contents to mucosa for absorption of VFAs

29
Q

What does the ileum and colonic epithelium secrete?

A

Bicarbonate

30
Q

When the ileum and colonic epithelium secrete bicarbonate what happens?

A

Buffer pH of VFA produced

31
Q

What VFA products of?

A

Fermentation

32
Q

What are VFA used for?

A

Energy

33
Q

What contributes to motility in the cecum?

A

Haustrae contacting and expanding

34
Q

What contributes to motility in the ascending colon?

A

Segmentation and haustral contractions

35
Q

What is the transit rate in the colon?

A

2-3 days

36
Q

Large quantities of ________ produced and absorbed, but ___________ _________ wasted.

A

VFAs

Microbial patterns

Physiology Exam 3 (17 decks)

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