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Physiology Exam 3 > Lecture 52- Intestine Transport And Liver Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 52- Intestine Transport And Liver Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of the enterosystemic fluid cycle?

A

Reabsorb secretions delivered to proximal part of SI

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2
Q

What is a substantial fraction of the ECF volume?

A

Secretory fluids from accessory organs, stomach and intestine itself

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3
Q

What is the enterosystemic fluid cycle?

A

Net movement of fluid into and out of intestinal lumen every 24 hours

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4
Q

Do herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores have the largest secretions during the enterosystemic fluid cycle?

A

Largest volumes of secretions in herbivores

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5
Q

Where are the major reabsorpitive sites?

A

Distal SI and LI

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6
Q

What is the definition of reabsoprtion in relation to the enterosystemic fluid cycle?

A

Ions and fluid recovery need to recover to maintain ECF volume AND the BP

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7
Q

What type of cells line intestinal crypts? What do they secrete?

A

Epithelial cells line intestinal crypts

Secrete fluid and electrolytes

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8
Q

_____ follows _____ passively into lumen, then ___ follows _____

A

Na follows Cl passively into lumen, water follows NaCl

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9
Q

What channels does the Apical membrane have?

A

Cl Channels

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10
Q

What does the basolateral membrane contain?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter

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11
Q

What do Cl- channels open in response to?

A

Hormones and neurotransmitters binding basolateral membrane

Choleratoxins also cause Cl channels to open

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12
Q

What are two mechanisms for fluid and electrolyte absorption?

A

Transcellular and paracellular routes

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13
Q

What happens if tight junction is “tight”? Where are the junctions “tight”?

A

If tight, then goes transcellular route

Tight in stomach and colon

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14
Q

What happens if tight junction is “leaky”? Where are the junctions “leaky”?

A

If leaky, then go paracellular route

leaky in duodenum and Jejunum

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15
Q

What determines which route for fluid and electrolyte absorption?

A

Permeability of tight junctions between enterocytes

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16
Q

In intestinal absorption the fluid absorbed is always _______.

A

Isosmotic

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17
Q

Where is a major site for Na absorption?

A

Jejunum

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18
Q

How does Na absorption occur in the Jejunum?

A

Occurs via Na dependent co-transporters in enterocyte apical membrane

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19
Q

What is exchanger is present in the enterocyte apical membrane in the ileum? What is the transporter that the ileum uses in the basolateral membrane?

A

Cl-/HCO3- exchange in enterocyte apical membrane

Cl- transporter in enterocyte basolateral membrane

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20
Q

What is the overall net absorption that occurs in the Ileum?

A

NaCl

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21
Q

In the Ileum _____ and ____ are absorbed.

A

Na+ and NaCl

22
Q

In the colon what are the channels located in the apical membrane?

A

Na+ and K+

23
Q

Synthesis of Na channels induced by aldosterone in the colon causes what?

A

Increased Na absorption AND increased K secretion

24
Q

Why is there an increased loss of K+ during diarrhea?

A

Due to increased flow rate of intestinal fluid

25
Q

Are fecal concentrations of K+ in herbivores higher or lower?

A

potassium high in grass, colon helps excrete excess K+

26
Q

What is the term for high K+ losses?

A

Hypokalemia

27
Q

What happens when there is a loss of bicarbonate from the GIT?

A

Kidneys are signaled to reabsorb NaCl because Na is usually lost when bicarbonate is lost. The kidney excretes more H, because it needs more ammonia for buffering.

28
Q

What can lead to hyper holte ich metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap?

A

High HCO3- losses relative to Cl losses

29
Q

What are clinical examples of things that result in normal anion gaps?

A

Diarrhea, Renal tubular acidosis, carbonic anyhdrase inhibition

30
Q

What are four things that result in a normal anion gap?

A
  1. Hyperchlomeric acidosis
  2. GI or renal loss of bicarbonate
  3. Impaired renal acid secretion
  4. Reabsorption of chloride
31
Q

What causes osmotic diarrhea?

A

Non-absorbable solutes -> causes Renton of water

32
Q

What causes secretory diarrhea? What does secretory diarrhea permanently activate? What levels are very high?

A

-excessive secretions of fluid by crypt cells
-permanently activates Adenylyl cylase
-cAMP levels

33
Q

Where does liver receive portal blood from?

A

Stomach, SI, LI, pancreas, spleen

34
Q

What are the (5) functions of the liver?

A
  1. Process absorbed substances
  2. Synthesis and excretion of bile acids
  3. Bilirubin production and excretion
  4. Metabolism of nutrients
  5. Detoxification and excretion of waste products
35
Q

What organ is considered the “first pass metabolism”?

A

The LIVER because it receives all substances absorbed from the GIT

36
Q

What are bacteria phagozytized by?

A

Hepatic Kupfer cells

37
Q

What is considered a phase I reaction?

A

Oxidation/reduction/hydrolysis/cyclization reaction (mixed function oxidases)

38
Q

What is considered phase II reactions?

A

Conjugation reactions (solubility compound; transferases)

39
Q

What occurs during lipid metabolism in the liver?

A

Fatty acid oxidation

40
Q

What does lipid metabolism synthesize?

A

Lipoproteins, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile acids

41
Q

What does protein metabolism synthesize?

A

Non-essential amino acids and plasma proteins (albumin)

42
Q

What does protein metabolism in the liver modify? What does it convert?

A

Modify: amino acids -> so glucogenic AA can enter gluconeogenesis
Convert: ammonia (toxic) -> urea (non-toxic)

43
Q

What are the three metabolisms of the liver?

A
  1. Carbohydrate metabolism
  2. Protein metabolism
  3. Lipid metabolism
44
Q

In what species does glucogenesis continue to make glucose from propionate?

A

Ruminants

45
Q

How does glycogenolysis function in the carbohydrate metabolism of the liver?

A

Breaks down glycogen to release glucose — stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine

46
Q

How does glycogenesis function in the carbohydrate metabolism of the liver?

A

Highly branched chains of stored glucose (occurs after a meal)

47
Q

How does gluconeogenesis function in the carbohydrate metabolism of the liver?

A

uses glycerol and glucogenic AA to synthesize glucose after glucose stores are depleted

(Glucose storage = glycogen)

48
Q

What is jaundice a result of? (4)

A

Increase destruction of red blood cells, obstruction of bile ducts, liver disease, conjugated bilirubin that can’t be excreted in bile

49
Q

Conjugated bilirubin excreted in urine AND secreted in bile -> terminal _____ and colon _____ -> deconjugated to ________ AND _____ + _______

A

Ileum and colon

Deconjugated to urobilinogen AND urobilin + stercobilin

50
Q

What does the mononuclear phagocyte system remove?

A

Senescent RBC

51
Q

When bilirubin binds albumin in blood and conjugated to glucoronic acid…what does this result in?

A

Resulting compound of detoxification/degrade in liver

52
Q

The mononuclear phagocyte system purpose is to degrade ______, which results in ______, and the end product is _______.

A

Hemoglobin
Biliverdin
Bilirubin

Physiology Exam 3 (17 decks)

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