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Physiology Exam 3 > Lecture 50-Digestion And Absorption Of Carbohydrates And Proteins > Flashcards

Lecture 50-Digestion And Absorption Of Carbohydrates And Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

Define digestion

A

Chemical and mechanical breakdown of ingested food into absorbable molecules

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2
Q

Define absorption

A

Movement of macronutrients, water, electrolytes from intestinal lumen into blood

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3
Q

What are the two paths for absorption?

A

Transcellular (cross luminal membrane into cell transporter)

Paracellular (moving across tight junctions between cells)

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4
Q

For transcellular absoprtion how do cells cross the luminal membrane into cell?

A

Passive diffusion

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5
Q

What is the turnover rate for epithelial cells?

A

Every 3 to 6 days

One of the highest turnover rates

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6
Q

What is the surface of epithelial cells lined with?

A

Microvilli

Brush border

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7
Q

What are the villi lined with?

A

Epithelial cells and goblet cells

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8
Q

Where is the vili the longest? Shortest?

A

Duodenum

Ileum

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9
Q

What is the function goblet cells?

A

Secrete mucous

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10
Q

What lines the lumen of small intestine

A

Villi

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11
Q

What are the folds of Kerckring?

A

Structure of intestinal mucosa
Folds are large circular folds
Increase SA and slow movement of digesta

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12
Q

What is the primary source of energy for most cells?

A

Glucose

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13
Q

How is glucose supplied in diet?

A

Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Polysaccharide

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14
Q

Which species do not have an enzyme made to digest cellulose?

A

Horse, cattle, sheep

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15
Q

What must all ingested carbohydrates first be for absoprtion by enterocytes?

A

Monosaccharides

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16
Q

How does digestion of carbohydrates begin?

A

Begin by enzymatic cleavage and ultimate release of ologiosaccahradies etc.

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17
Q

What does glucoamylase (AKA amyloglucosidase) cleave?

A

Linear or branched portions of amylase or glycogen

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18
Q

What does alpha-amylase in salivary glands and pancreas cleave?

A

Internal linkages of amylose

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19
Q

What are the four brush border enzymes?

A

Maltase
Alpha-dextrinase

Sucrase
Lactase

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20
Q

What monosaccharides for absorption?

A

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

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21
Q

What is special about cellulose, hemicellulose?

A

No mammalian enzyme for digesting these

Need microbial enzymes to digest

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22
Q

What is SGLT 1? What does it transport?

A

SGLT 1 is a Na+/glucose co-transporter

Transports both glucose and galactose

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23
Q

What is used for transporting fructose from intestinal lumen into enterocyte?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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24
Q

Which transporter is fructose-specific?

A

GLUT 5

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25
What is used for transporting glucose, galactose, and fructose from enterocyte into blood?
GLUT 2
26
what is the transporter that goes from intestinal lumen into the enterocyte?
Na-dependent co-transport for glucose and galactose
27
What is lactose intolerance?
A lactase deficiency
28
What leads to osmotic diarrhea?
Remain in lumen and “hold” water to remain Isosmotic
29
Which species have dietary requirements for essential amino acids?
Dogs, horses, cat, chickens, pigs
30
Which species have dietary protein requirement?
Cattle, goat, sheep
31
In what form are amino acids usually provided?
Protein
32
How must proteins be digested?
Via enzymes (general term: proteases)
33
What are the digestion of proteins ultimately completed by?
Endopeptidases and exopeptidases
34
Where does protein digestion begin?
Stomach
35
What is activated to pepsin? This hydrolyzes interior bonds
Pepsinogen
36
What causes protein to unfold and exposes peptide bonds to pepsin
HCl
37
Young ruminants have chief cells that produce ______.
Rennin
38
What does rennin do?
Enzyme coagulates milk
39
At what pH is pepsin activated?
Low pH
40
When digesting proteins in the small intestine, what are used as proteases?
Pancreatic and brush border
41
As digesta enters SI, CCK is released which causes the release of ________/
Zymogens (inactive enzyme)
42
What is trypsinogen activated by to form trypsin?
Enterokinase
43
Where is enterokinase found?
On the brush border
44
What does trypsin activate?
Other zygmogens
45
What are three endopeptidases:
trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase
46
What do exopeptidases act on?
Act on carboxyl end of proteins
47
What is the final digestion step in the SI?
Aminopeptidases at the brush border Release either single AA or dipeptides/tripeptides
48
What can absorb amino acids, dipeptodes and tripeptides?
Enterocyte
49
How do amino acids move across the basolateral membrane ?
Facilitated diffusion
50
What are proteins products of digestion?
Amino Acids Dipeptides Tripeptides
51
Where are proteins absorbed?
Small intestine
52
What mechanisms are associated with proteins?
Na+ amino acid cotransport H dipeptide cotransport H tripeptides cotransport
53
What are carbohydrates products of digestion?
Glucose Galactose Fructose
54
Where is the site of absoprtion for carbohydrates?
Small intestine
55
What mechanisms are associated with carbohydrates?
Na glucose cotransport Na galactose cotransport Facilitated diffusion
56
What are lipids products of digestion?
Fatty acids Monoglycerides Cholesterol
57
Where are lipids absorbed?
Small intestine
58
Where are bile salts absorbed?
Ileum
59
What are three general disorders do protein digestion and absorption?
Pancreatitis Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency Cystinuria
60
What is cystinuria?
Defect or absence of Na/amino acid co-transporter Can contribute to crystal formation and calculus, leading to urinary blockages
61
What is exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?
Insufficient production and secretion of digestive enzymes Destruction of cells producing enzymes Lack of digestion, malabsorption, weight loss, nutrient deficiencies
62
What can prematurely activated enzymes lead to?
Local damage of exocrine pancreas edema, inflammation
63
What does pancreatitis cause?
Deficiency of pancreatic enzymes and fluid in initial stages An increase in steroid hormones, increase glucose and circulating TG (associated with inflammation of pancreas)

Physiology Exam 3 (17 decks)

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