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Physiology Exam 3 > Lecture 52- Intestinal Transport And Liver Physiology > Flashcards

Lecture 52- Intestinal Transport And Liver Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the enterosystemic fluid cycle important?

A

To reabsorb secretion is delivered to proximal part of the SI

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2
Q

What is a substantial fraction of ECF volume?

A

Secretory fluids from accessory organs, stomach and intestine itself

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3
Q

What is the enterosystemic fluid cycle?

A

Net movement of fluid into and out of intestinal lumen every 24 hours

Daily exchange of several times total volume of body water

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4
Q

What are the major reabsorptive sites?

A

Distal SI and LI

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5
Q

Do carnivores or herbivores have larger volumes of secretion in the enterosystemic fluid cycle?

A

Herbivores

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6
Q

What are the intestinal crypts lined with?

A

Epithelial cells

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7
Q

What do the intestinal crypts secrete?

A

Fluid and electrolytes

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8
Q

What type of channels do apical membranes have?

A

Cl- membranes

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9
Q

____ follows ____ passively into lumen, _____ follows _____

A

Na follows Cl

Water follows NaCl

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10
Q

What are the two transporters that the basolateral membrane contains?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase

Na+/K+/2Cl- co-transporter

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11
Q

Cl channels open in response to?

What specifically causes Cl channels?

A

Cl- channels normally closed, but will open in response to hormones and neurotransmitters binding basolateral membrane

Choleratoxins causes Cl channels to open

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12
Q

What are the mechanisms for fluid and electrolyte absorption

A

Transcellular and paracellular

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13
Q

What determines the route for fluid and electrolyte absorption?

A

Permeability of tight junctions between enterocytes

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14
Q

what happens if the junction is tight?

A

Transcellular route

Tight in stomach and colon

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15
Q

What happens if the junction is leaky?

A

Then paracellular route

Leaky in duodenum and Jejunum

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16
Q

Fluid absorbed is always ________.

A

Isosmotic

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17
Q

Where is a major site for Na absorption?

A

Jejunum

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18
Q

How does Na absorption occur in the Jejunum?

A

Occurs via Na dependent co-transporters in enterocyte apical membrane

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19
Q

Other than the Jejunum where else is Na absorbed?

A

Ileum

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20
Q

What exchange occurs in the enterocyte apical membrane in the ileum?

A

Cl-/HCO3-

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21
Q

What is the overall net absorption of in the ileum?

A

NaCl

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22
Q

What transporter does the ileum have in the enterocyte basolateral membrane?

A

Cl-

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23
Q

What channels does the colon have?

A

Na+ and K+ channels in apical membrane

24
Q

Colon

What does synthesis of Na increase?

A

Increase Na absorption

Increase K secretion

25
Q

Colon

What is the synthesis of Na channels induced by

A

Aldosterone

26
Q

Why are fecal concentrations of K+ high in herbivores?

A

K high in grass, colon helps excrete excess K

27
Q

During diarrhea there is an increased loss of K. Why is this?

A

Increased flow rate of intestinal fluid

28
Q

What does a large loss of large volumes of ECF-type fluids result in

A

Causes decreased ECF volume
Decreased intravascular volume
Decreased arterial pressure

29
Q

What are issues associated with severe diarrhea

A

Circulatory collapse
Hypercholermic metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap

30
Q

What is another term for high K+ losses?

A

Hypokalemia

31
Q

What are examples of normal anion gap?

A

Diarrhea
Renal Tubular Acidosis
Carbonic Anhydrase inhibition

32
Q

What does a loss of bicarb from GIT result in?

A

Signal to kidneys to reabsorb NaCl because Na usually lost
Kidney starts to excrete more H, need more ammonia for buffering

33
Q

What is osmotic diarrhea?

A

Non-absorbable solutes

Causes retention of water

34
Q

What does diarrhea caused decreased surface area for absorption

A

Infection
Inflammation of SI

35
Q

What is a secretory diarrhea?

A

Excessive secretions of fluid by crypt cells

36
Q

What does secretory diarrhea permanently activate?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

CAMP levels high

37
Q

What are the functions of the liver

A

Process absorbed substances
Synthesis and excretion of bile acids
Bilirubin production and excretion
Metabolism of nutrients
Detoxification and excretion of waste products

38
Q

Where does the liver receive portal blood from ?

A

Stomach
SI
LI
Pancreas
Spleen

39
Q

What does causes jaundice?

A

Results from increased destruction of RBC
Obstruction of bile duct
Liver disease

40
Q

What does the mononuclear phagocyte system remove?

A

Remove senescent RBC

41
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system

Degrades ________ -> _______ -> _________

A

Degrades hemoglobin —> biliverdin —> bilirubin

42
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system

Bilirubin binds ______ in blood -> ______ -> conjugated to _______ ______ -> resulting compound of ______/______ in liver

A

Bilirubin binds albumin in blood -> liver -> conjugated to glucuronic acid -> resulting compound of detoxification/degrade in liver

43
Q

Mononuclear phagocyte system

Conjugated _____ excreted in ____ AND secreted in ______ -> terminal _____ and _____ -> deconjugated to _______ AND ______ + _________

A

Bilirubin
Urine AND bile
Ileum and colon
Urobilinogen
Urobilin + stercobilin

44
Q

What is considered the “first pass metabolism”? And why?

A

Liver

Liver receives ALL substances absorbed from the GIT

45
Q

What are bacteria phagocytized by?

A

Hepatic Kupfer cells

46
Q

Examples of phase I reactions

A

Oxidation/reduction/hydrolysis/cyclization reactions

47
Q

Examples phase II reactions

A

Conjugation reactions (solubility compound;transfereases)

48
Q

What does lipid metabolism synthesize ?

A

Lipoproteins, cholesterol, phospholipids, bile acids

49
Q

What does protein metabolism synthesize?

A

Non-essential amino acids

Plasma proteins

50
Q

What does protein metabolism modify?

A

Modify amino acids

**so that clucogenic AA can enter gluconeogenesis

51
Q

What are the three types of carbohydrate metabolism?

A

Gluconeogenesis
Glycogenesis
Glycogenolysis

52
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A

Break down glycogen to release glucose

53
Q

What is glycogenolysis stimulated by?

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

54
Q

What is glycogenesis?

A

Highly branched chains of stored glucose=stimulated by glucagon and epinephrine

55
Q

What does gluconeogenesis use to synthesize glucose?

A

Use glycerol and glucogenic AA to synthesize glucose AFTER glucose stores are depleted

56
Q

What does protein metabolism convert ammonia to?

A

Ammonia to urea

Physiology Exam 3 (17 decks)

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