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Veterinary Physiology exam 3 > Lecture 54 - Ruminant Digestive Physiology 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 54 - Ruminant Digestive Physiology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

ruminants ingest _________ quantities of _________ in a short time minimizing exposure in the open field

A

enomourous
forage

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2
Q

ruminants spend maximal time _________ in the protection of trees and rocks

A

ruminating

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3
Q

rumen, reticulum, omasum are the ruminants _________.
- stratified squameous epithelium
- no glands
- pillars and papillar

A

forestomach

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4
Q

_________ is the gastric stomach in cows

A

abomasum

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5
Q

_________ fermentation accomplished by _________

A

pre-gastric
microbes

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6
Q

define:
- before gastric stomach and SI and allows animals to more complelty utilize products of _________

A

pre-gastric fermentation
fermentation

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7
Q

ruminants (cows) have a overall compactiy of _________ gallons

A

60-80

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8
Q

_________ have NO omasum

A

pseudoruminants

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9
Q

energy source differnce between ruminats and non-ruminats
- cellular level is _________
- ruminants: _________ by liver
- non-ruminants: _________ and ________

A

glucose
glucose
cellulose and starch

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10
Q

define:
- ruminants
- no upper incisors
- acquire food for lips and tongue
- DO NOT eat food close to _________ ground

A

prehension
bare ground

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11
Q

ruminants: _________ and remastication

A

regurgitation

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12
Q

_________ _________: accomplished by bacteria, fungi, yeast, and protozoa

A

microbial fermentation

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13
Q

_________ _________: on dermis of nasal skin
- produce watery fluid and mix it with food
- ruminants

A

nasolabial glands

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14
Q

amount of saliva produced by ruminants is

A

150 L / day

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15
Q

carotid salivary glands produce

A

serous fluid

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16
Q

sublingula and mandiular glands produce

A

mucous or mixed fluid

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17
Q

number on function of salvia

A

buffering

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18
Q

70% of fluid in _________ comes from saliva and 30% comes from _________ consumption

A

rumen
water

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19
Q

When thinking about support of what the microbes need and how to keep them healthy and happy, which makes the animal healthy and happy
- microbes need energy (starch and cellulose) and nitrogen source (protein or urea)

A

appropiate substrate

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20
Q

temperature needed for enviornmantal conditions to support fermentation

A

37C

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21
Q

omolarity needed for enviornmetal conditions to support fermentation

A

300 mOsm

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22
Q

microbes need _________ conditions for fermentation

A

anaerobic

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23
Q

ferementation and microbes need constant _________ of _________ for healthy

A

contstant mixing of ingestia

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24
Q

fermentation is needed for particles size _________

A

reduction

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25
Q

microbes move _________ material out into the rumen

A

indigestible

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26
Q

_________ movement of fermented content to intestine is done for microbes

A

synchronized

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27
Q

_________ must be buffered to maintain neutral pH around _________

A

VFA
6.8 pH

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28
Q

VFA’s produce more _________ causing the pH to drop. This is why we need more saliva containing _________ to help absorb and buffer

A

produce more aicds
containing HCO3- (bi-carb)

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29
Q

primary site of fermentation in ruminats

A

rumen

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30
Q

60-75% of fermentation of ruminants contains here

A

rumen

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31
Q

define:
- target grass and cellulose and hemicellulose

A

celluloytic

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32
Q

define:
- starch and sugars

A

amylotic

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33
Q

dietary determines what you have the most of. animals and differnt feed _________ will not have the same as different feed diet

A

regimens

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34
Q

the rumen has increases _________ causing an increase in surface area

A

papilli

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35
Q

end products of fermentation in ruminats

A

acetate
propinate
butyrate

** remember APB**

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36
Q

APB serves as an energy source for the animal and as a byproduct you have major gasses such as

A

methane
heat
carbondioxide

37
Q

more _________ produces on higher fiber diet (grass/hay)

A

acetate

38
Q

more _________ produces on high grain diet (starch)

A

propinate

39
Q

_________ increase surface area
- size varies throughout the rumen (long or short)
- role is to absorb _________ = keep the pH stable
- tend to be _________ on high grain feed diets = good because the large amounts of acid

A

papillae
VFA’s
longer/larger

40
Q

_________ _________ divide the rumen in half
- primary contraction that will start the reticiulum and moves caudually around the rumen
- think of the “wave” at a game

A

muscularis pillars and folds - mixing

41
Q

the reticulum is a _________ apperance

A

honeycomb

42
Q

3 major function of the _________
- form bolus for regurgitation
- moves particles to omsasum (smaller particles)
- move particles to rumen
(larger particles)

A

reticulum

43
Q

_________ _________:
- great place for things to drop
- sharp medals objects can accumulate here = penetrate GI tract = peritonitis
- may poke towards the heart, liver, etc. depending on the direction

A

hardware diesease

44
Q

material from the rumen passes into the omasum via the _________-_________ orifice

A

reticulo-omasal orifice

45
Q

the _________ is important for depending on what stays and what moves on to be further broken down

A

omasum

46
Q

_________ :
- defines as many piles
- regulates passge of digestia into lower GIT
- some absoprtion of _________ and _________

A

omasum
VFA’s and water

47
Q

defined as the gastric stomach in ruminants with many folds

A

abomasum

48
Q

gastric glands to secrete _________
- acidity kills microbes washing in from rumen
- starts digestion
- this is because microbes do not live that long
- in ruminants

A

HCl

49
Q

the abomasum secretes _________
- hydrolyzes micorbial and dietary protein

A

pepsinogen

50
Q

the abomasum contraction occur every _________/min

A

1-2/min

51
Q

_________ are the major source of protein for the animal
- this is where animal will ge their essential amino acids
- digested and absrobed in the SI

A

microbes

52
Q

the horse CAN NOT utilize _________ _________ because they are pooped out

A

dead microbes

53
Q

abomasum is important for _________ in rumen fluid that is liberated when it meets acids in abomasum = _________. irregular gas

A

CO2
burp

NO CONTRACTIONS = GAS BUILD UP = BLOAT = BAD

54
Q

_________ diets:
- forages contain cellulose, hemicellulose, sugars, strach, protein and lignin
- grass/hay
- legumes
- brush/weeds
- silage
- byproducts

A

ruminants

55
Q

concentrates (_________) contains mostly starch, protein and suagars
- for ruminats
- grain
- soybean meal/whole soybeans
- other seed meals

A

grains

56
Q

_________- mediated transformation from one nutrient compound to another

A

microorganism

57
Q

_________ attach themsevles to the substrate and grow - as they grow they metabolize, _________, and growth at that point = secrete metabolites into the fluid (like VFA’s) then the animal absorbs and uses)

A

microbes
fermentation

58
Q

_________:
- bacteria, protozoa, and fungi
- primarly feeding the _________, then the cow
- dead microbes flow to intesitines and then are digested

A

microflora
flora

59
Q

layers of the _________:
- gas
- fiber mat
- liquid layer
- solid layer (concentrates)

A

rumen

60
Q

products undergoing fermentation in the _________
- monosaccarides
- disaccharides
- strach
- cellulose
- other sugars

A

rumen

61
Q

finish the VFA flow chart
- _________ = VFA
- starch = _________ = VFA
- _________ = glucose = VFA
- _________ = undigested

A

sugars = VFA
starch = glucose = VFA
cellulose = glucose = VFA
lignin = undigested

62
Q

carbohydrates fermented in rumen to _________ _________ VFA

A

short chain

63
Q

_________ acetate - higher with _________ diets in ruminants

A

60%
forage

64
Q

_________ propionate - higher with _________ diets in ruminants

A

30%
grain

65
Q

_________ buytrate in ruminants

A

10%

66
Q
  • ruminate use _________ for energy
  • lower blood glucose 60 vs 100 mg/dl in mst non-ruminats
  • _________ use propinate to make glucose
  • _________ _________ - use acetate (body or milk fat)
A

VFA
gluconeogenesis
fat synthesis

67
Q

_________ fermented to
- peptide
- amino acids
- ammonia
- branched chain VFAs

A

protein

68
Q

_________ use these protein componets and metabolites in synthesizing cell wall and _________ _________

A

microbes
cytoplasmic proteins

69
Q

_________ microbes are digested in the small intestine

A

dead

70
Q

_________ provide highest quality protein possible
- they contain essential amino acids the animal needs

A

microbes

71
Q

you can feed ruminats _________ _________ proteins or metabolites (urea) and cow absorbs highest quality amino acids from the _________ _________

A

low quality
small intestines

72
Q

major _________ recycling in ruminants

A

urea

73
Q

_________ produced in rumen from protein fermentation

A

ammonia

74
Q

ammonia produced in rumen from protein fermentation
- immediately utilized by microbes or absorbed and converted to _________ in the _________

A

urea
liver

75
Q

fates of urea in ruminats

A

excreted by kidneys
recycled to saliva
recycled to rumen

76
Q

dont want a lot of _________ circulating in the rumen

A

urea

77
Q

_________ _________: major coordinated movements cranial to caudal primarly for mixing
- ab 1-2/min

A

primary contractions

78
Q

_________ _________: caudal to cranial primarly erucate gas (push gas from esophagus to out of the animal)

A

secondary contractions

79
Q

_________ _________: associated with cud chewing/rumination
- move bolus up and down / rechew / reswallow

A

reticular contractions

80
Q

_________:
- decrease particle size
- increases surface area
- adds saliva
- last up to _________ hours and repeat process every 1-2 minutes
- keeps food intake constant

A

rumination

81
Q

_________:
- regurgitation
- reinsalivatoin
- remasticatoin
- reswallowing

A

rumination

82
Q

_________:
- initated by reticular contraction and relaxation of distal esophageal sphincter

A

regurgitation

83
Q

_________: removes air and gas pockets from forage = allowing particles to sink

A

rumination

84
Q

_________:
- occurs when animal is resting
- begins 30-90 minutes after eating
- ruminate up to 10hours/day

A

rumination

85
Q

ruminate less on _________ diets = why buffering is important

A

high grain

86
Q

rumination is initated by an extra-contraction of reticulum that pushes _________ into area of the cardia
- distal esophageal sphincter _________
- inspiratory excursion with _________ closed in intrathoracic esophagus
- bolus of ingestia moves into the _________

A

ingestia
opens
glottis closed
esophagus

87
Q

reverse peristolysis is known as

A

vomit

88
Q

fluids are squeezed out of bolus and swallowed, ingestia chewed and additional _________ added
- cud reswallowed and process repeated
- process is complex _________ controles mediated by the _________
- epithelial receptors in reticulum - _________ _________

A

saliva
reflex control mediated
medulla
scratch factor

Veterinary Physiology exam 3 (12 decks)

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