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Veterinary Physiology exam 3 > Lecture 50 - Digestion and Aboprtion of Carbs and Proteins > Flashcards

Lecture 50 - Digestion and Aboprtion of Carbs and Proteins Flashcards

1
Q

define
- chemical and mechanical breakdown of ingested food into absrobable molecules
- digestive secretions and mechanical mixing

A

digestion

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2
Q

define:
- movement of macronutrients, water, electrolytes from intestinal lumen into ________

A

absoprtion
blood

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3
Q

define:
- cross luminal membrane into cell

A

transcellular

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4
Q

define:
- moving across tight junctions, between cells and very selective

A

paracellular

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5
Q

intestinal mucosa surface is arranged in ________ ________

A

transverse folds

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6
Q

intestinal mucosa surface is needed for increase ________ ________ and ________ ________ of digestion

A

surface area
slow movement

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7
Q

villi line ________ of small intestine
- villi lined with ________ and ________ cells

A

lumen
epithelial and goblet cells

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8
Q

villi in the SI are used for

A

increase in surface area

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9
Q

surface of epithelial cells lined with microvilli AKA as

A

brush border

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10
Q

fold, villi and microville increase SA by ________ folds

A

600

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11
Q

turnover of epithelial cells are every

A

3-6 days

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12
Q

diet below is for what animal(s)
- forage, grass, natural food
- naturally high in cellulose

A

horse
cows
sheep

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13
Q

diet below is for what animal(s)
- omnivores: plants/bugs
- commercial diets high in starch: ________ to diet and made by animal

A

chickens and pigs
amylase

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14
Q

diet below is for what animal(s)
- do well on diets of starch and soluble fiber

A

dogs

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15
Q

diet below is for what animal(s)
- can digest starch (in diets)
- do make amylase
- glycogen in muscle of prey

A

cats

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16
Q

________ have NO enzyme to digest amylase

A

mammals

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17
Q

________ is primary source of energy for most cells

A

glucose

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18
Q

all animals need ________

A

glucose

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19
Q

glucose come from:
- ________(made by liver)
- convert from other ________
- supplied in ________

A

pre-cursors
- metabolites
- diet

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20
Q

how is glucose supplied in diet
- monosaccharides ( ________ ________)
- disaccharides ( ________ ________)
- polysaccharides ( ________ ________ of sugars)

A

simple sugar
2 monosaccharides
complex chains of sugars

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21
Q

all ingested carbohydrates must be digested to monosaccharides for ________ by ________

A

absorption
enterocytes

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22
Q

digestion of carbohydrates begins by ________ ________ and ultimate release of ________, disaccharides, and some monosaccharides

A

enzymeatic cleavage
olgisaccharides

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23
Q

enzymeatic digestion of starch from ________ and ________

A

amylose
amylopectin

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24
Q

________ in salivary glands and pacrease cleave internal linkages of ________ = 1,4 glycolytic bonds

A

a-amylase
amylose

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25
Q

________ cleaves linear or branched portion of ________/glycogen

A

glucoamylase
amylose

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26
Q

________ for oligosaccharides (brush border enzyme) is important for ________-chain

A

a-dextrinase
short

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27
Q

maltase cleaves ________ which is two ________

A

maltose
glucose

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28
Q

________ and ________ make up the brush border membrane of the small intestine

A

a-dextrinase
maltase

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29
Q

________ and ________ are brush border enzymes

A

sucrase
lactase

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30
Q

lactase breaks down

A

lactose

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31
Q

sucrase breaks down

A

sucrose

32
Q

sucrose is composed of ________ and ________

A

fructose
glucose

33
Q

lactose is composed of ________ and ________

A

galactose
glucose

34
Q

maltose is composed of ________ and ________

A

glucose
glucose

35
Q

monosaccharides for absoprtion

A

glucose
galactose
fructose

36
Q

mammals dont have enzymes to digest

A

cellulose
hemicellulose

37
Q

need ________ ________ for ruminats to digest cellulose
- ________ for animals to breakdown

A

microbial enzymes
fermentation

38
Q

________ dependent co-transporter for ________ and ________ from intestinal lumen into the enterocyte

A

Na+
glucose
galactose

39
Q

________ is a Na+/glucose co-transporter and transports both ________ and ________ and bring into cell

A

SGLT1
glucose
galactose

40
Q

________ ________ is used for transporting fructose from intestinal lumen into enterocyte

A

facilitated diffusion

41
Q

________ - fructose specific use facilitated diffusion for transporting fructose from intestinal lumen into enterocyte

A

GLUT 5

41
Q

________ ________ used for transporting glucose, galactose, and fructose from enterocyte into blood using ________

A

facilitated diffusion
GLUT 2

42
Q

failure to digest and absorb carbohydrates reamin in ________ and hold water to remain ________ = leads to diarrhea

A

lumen
isosmotic

43
Q

define:
- lactase deficiency
- adult humans and adult domestic animals
- osmotic diarrhea

A

lactose intolerance

44
Q

list the 10 essential amino acids

A

phenylalanine
valine
threonine
tryptophan
isoleucine
methionine
histidine
arginine
leucine
lysine

45
Q

cattle, goats and sheep have dietary ________ requirement only

A

protein

46
Q

dogs, horses, cats, chickens and pigs have dietary requirements for ________ ________ ________

A

essential amino acids

47
Q

microbes in ruminants make new ________ ________ especially the 10 AA

A

amino acids

48
Q

amino acids usually provided in the form of ________

A

protein

49
Q

________ must be digested to absorbable forms via ________

A

proteins
enzymes

50
Q

liver ________ make the 10 essential AA

A

cannot

51
Q

digestion of protein ultimently completed by ________ and ________

A

endopeptidases
exopeptidases

52
Q

protein digestion beginds in ________

A

stomach

53
Q

________ activated to pepsin (endopeptidase)

A

pepsinogen

54
Q

________ causes protein to unfold and expose peptide bonds to ________

A

HCl
pepsin

55
Q

protein digestion will have large peptide fragments and some ________ amino acids

A

free

56
Q

chief cells produce ________ in young ruminants

A

rennin

57
Q

rennin is an enzyme that ________ milk = milk clot = decrease ________ rate = increase digestion/absoprtion

A

coagulates
flow rate

58
Q

digestion of proteins in the small intestine using ________ and brush border ________

A

pancreatic
proteases

59
Q

as digestia enters the SI, ________ released, causes release of ________

A

CCK
zymogens

60
Q

________ activated by enterokinase to form trypsin

A

trypsinogen

61
Q

trypsin then activates other ________

A

zymogens

62
Q

________: trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase

A

endopeptidases

63
Q

________: carboxypeptidases A and B

A

exopeptidases

64
Q

final digestion step: ________ at the brush border

A

aminopeptidases

65
Q

aminopeptidases release either single amino acids or ________/________. can move any in cell = then breakdown the be ________

A

dipeptides/tripeptides
absrobed

66
Q

________ can absorb amino acids, dipeptides and tripeptides

A

enterocytes

67
Q

4 co-transporters in luminal membrane for ________ ________ using Na gradient

A

amino acids

68
Q

________ ________ co-transporters for di- and tri- peptides

A

H+ dependent

69
Q

H+-dependent co-transporters use ________ gradient and peptides are ________ to amino acids inside the cell by aminopeptidases

A

H+
cleaved

70
Q

amino acids move across ________ membrane via facilitated diffusion

A

basolateral

71
Q

define:
- inflammation of the pancreas
- In many cases of idiopathic, hyperadrenocorticism may predispose
- deficiency of pancreatic enzymes and fluid initial stages
- prematurely activated enzymes can lead to local damage of ________ pancreas = edema/inflammation
- loss of appetite, vomiting, weakness, abdominal pain, dehydration, diarrhea

A

pancreatitis
exocrine

72
Q

define:
- insufficient production and secretion of digestive enzymes - can be caused by ________ ________ ________
- destruction of cells producing enzymes
- lack of digestion, malabsorption, weight loss, and nutrient deficiencies

A

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
long term pancreatitis

73
Q

define:
- defect or absence of and ________ co-transporter
- can contribute to crystal formation and calculi, leading to urinary blockages, also not absorbing in intestine / not reabsorbing in ________ = excreted in feces/urine

A

cystinuria
Na+/amino acid
kidney

74
Q
A

Veterinary Physiology exam 3 (12 decks)

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