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Veterinary Physiology exam 3 > lecture 51 - Digestion and absorption of lipids, absortpion of vitamins and minerals > Flashcards

lecture 51 - Digestion and absorption of lipids, absortpion of vitamins and minerals Flashcards

1
Q

triglycerrides are formed by

A

glycerol
3 fatty acids

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2
Q

troglycerrides, chlestrol and phospholipids are defined as a supply of dietary

A

lipids

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3
Q

how are these lipids provided in the diet for domestic animals

A

tallow: from beef/sheep
lard: from pigs
grease: from restaurant industry

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4
Q

lipids must be solubilized in the ______ ______ for digestion and absoprtion

A

small intestine

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5
Q

stomach ______ and mixes lipids, initiates enzymatic digestion

A

churns

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6
Q

why does the stomach churn

A

break lipids into small droplets = immulsify for increase surface area for enzymes

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7
Q

stomach slowly empties ________ into the small intestine

A

chyme

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8
Q

______ ______ hydrolyzes around 10% of ingested TAG = glycerol and FFAs

A

gastric lipase

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9
Q

bile salts emulsify ______ = surround small lipid droplets to increase surface area

A

lipids

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10
Q

______ enzymes digest different lipids = lipase, colipase, cholesterol ester hydrolase __________ _______

A

pancreatic enzymes
phospholipase A2

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11
Q

________ binds to lipase and allows it to digest lipid-water interface

A

colipase

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12
Q

_________ ___________ ________ = hydrolyzes cholestrol ester = free cholestrol + FA + releases glycerol from triglycerides

A

cholesterol ester hydrolase

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13
Q

phospholipas A2 is activated by _______

A

trypsin

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14
Q

trypsin activates ______ ______

A

phospholipase A2

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15
Q

phospolipase A2 hydrolyzes phospholipids = __________ + ______

A

lysolecithin
Fatty acid

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16
Q

final products must now be _______ in micelles for lipid absoprtion

A

solubilized

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17
Q

Bile salts solubilize products within small intestine as ________

A

micelles (expect glycerol)

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18
Q

glycerol does not need to be absorbed by ______ ______

A

bile salts

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19
Q

micelles diffuse to brush border membrane of enterocyte, product release and diffused into cell because they are _______-_______. they stay close to the cell = able to diffuse into the cell

A

lipid-solubleb

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20
Q

bile salts are NOT diffused into _______, but into the ______

A

enterocytes
lumen

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21
Q

products are re-_________ inside enterocyte to form orgional compounds

A

re-esterified

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22
Q

re-esterified lipids are packaged with apoproteins to form _______

A

chylomicrons

23
Q

chylomicrons are too _____ to travel in the blood. helps lipids become soluble in water and for absorption

A

large

24
Q

chylomicrons packages in secretory vesicles and exocytosed across ________ membrane into ________ ________

A

basolateral membrane
lymphatic capillaries

25
Q

__________ _________ are able to move between endothelial cells of lymphatic capillaries and insert blood at thoracic duct. Large substances able to _______ through

A

lymphatic capillaries
move through

26
Q

A problem at any step of digestion or absorption of ________ can result in steatorrhea

A

lipids

27
Q

define:
- inadequate pancreatic enzymes
- TGs not digested
chronic pancreatitis

A

pancreatic insufficiency

28
Q

define:
- if chyme not neutralized in SI, pancreatic enzymes activated
- pH is optimal at _____
- tumor = overproduce gastrin = increase HCl from parietal cells
- _______ NOT producing enough HC02- to neutralize

A

acidity of duodenal contents
6
pancreas

29
Q

define:
- no bile salts, no micelle formation
- no emulsification/digestion
- ilial reduction = NO ______ ______ absorbed

A

deficiency of bile salts
bile salt

30
Q

bacteria (bacteria overgrowth): removes _____ and _____ from bile salts

A

glycine
taurine

31
Q

if you remove bacteria, you have _____ ______ left = NOT able to do the work

A

bile acids

32
Q

______ _____: readily absrobed by diffusion into interocytes = absorbed before mycell formation

A

bile acids

33
Q

in any condition where enterocytes are reduced, less surface area for absorption of lipids production is caused by decreases ________ _____ for absorption

A

decreases intestinal cells

34
Q

lack of Apo ____ causes abetalipoproteinemia is caused by the failure to synthesize ______

A

Apo B
apoproteins

35
Q

_____ don’t form= cant transport from enterocytes to lymph system

A

Microns

36
Q

vitamin absoprtion are reuqired as ________ or _______ for metabolic reactions

A

co-enzymes
co-factors

37
Q

fat-soluble vitamins within the small intestine, incorporated into ________ for absorption

A

micelles

38
Q

fat-soluble vitamins are incorporated into ______ for transport

A

chylomicrons

39
Q

water soluble vitamins are most absorbed via ____________ co-transporter into small intestine

A

Na+/dependent

40
Q

water soluble vitamins exception: _________ __________ (Cobalamin), which requires intrinsic factor for absoprtion

A

vitamin B12

41
Q

1st step for B12 absorption

A

B12 released from food by pepsin

42
Q

2nd step for B12 absoprtion

A

B12 binds to R proteins from salivary secretions

43
Q

3rd step for B12 absoprtion

A

proteases in Small intestine degrade R proteins and release B12, which then binds intrinsic factor

44
Q

4th step for B12 absoprtion

A

B12/IF complex resist proteases travel to ileum for absorption

45
Q

need active vitamin D to absorb _______ in the small intestine

A

calcium

46
Q

_______ absorbed by both passive and active transport mechanism

A

calcium

47
Q

dietary vitamin D3 = 25-hydroxycholecalciferil in ______ = 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol in _______ = process of ______ ______ activation

A

liver
kidney
vitamin D

48
Q

active _______ _______ promotes synthesis of calbindin D- 28K

A

vitamin D

49
Q

lack of active _______ ______ or calcium can cause rickets and osteomalacia

A

vitamin D

50
Q

iron can occur as free _____ OR as heme iron

A

iron

51
Q

_______ transporter in luminal membrane

A

DMT-1

52
Q

______ ______: digested into free iron by lysosomal enzymes inside enterocytes

A

heme iron

53
Q

free ion binds to apoferritin inside enterocytes for transport into blood via _______ = binds to transferrin in plasma

A

ferroportin

54
Q

iron circulates bound to transferrin and is stored as _______-

A

ferritin

Veterinary Physiology exam 3 (12 decks)

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