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Lecture 5 - Stereotypes, Prejudicism and Discrimination Flashcards

1
Q

Outline Hilton and Von Hippel 1996 definition of a person schema

A

Widely shared generalisations about members of a social group

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2
Q

Outline Amodio and Devine 2005 definition of a person schema

A

Function organise and facilitate the processing of info about members different social and/or ethnic groups

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3
Q

Define a schema

A

Underlying cog structures shape judgements and perceptions
Organise info, characteristics, impressions

Idiosyncratic personal constructs

What’s salient activate stereotypes

Dominated key characteristics. Impression formation - central traits

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4
Q

Outline Asch 1946 Configural Model for impression formation

A

Gestalt
Overall impressions more important individual pieces

Central traits carry more influence to peripheral traits

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5
Q

Accounting for the primary-recent effect in impression formation

A

Positive aspects put first more likely see individual as positive
First impressions do matter

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6
Q

How does early information affect impression formation

A

Early info is real person

Attention greatest making initial impressions

Early info affects meaning later info

Ignore info different to test as want to avoid cognitive dissonance

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7
Q

Who investigated Unified Impression Formation

A

Asch 1946

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8
Q

Outline the study for the Unified Impression Formation by Asch 1946

A

Adjective list but insert different adjective for each ppt

Warm/Cold, Polite/Blunt

Rate this person

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9
Q

Outline the study results for the Unified Impression Formation by Asch 1946

A

Depending what central trait provided warm/cold polite/blunt changed judgement

Warm/Cold central traits

Polite/Blunt peripheral traits

Central traits rest on relationship with other traits

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10
Q

What is the algebraic model

A

Average info received

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11
Q

What is the configural model

A

Certain elements dominate and influence interpretation of others

Cognitive dissonance - reappraise discrepant elements

Drive unified and organised impression shapes of mental processing

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12
Q

Discuss impression formation by Haire and Grune 1950

A

Asked ppts describe working man from stereotype consistent info
Lists adjectives, write description
Fine until presented piece info inconsistent ‘intelligence’

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13
Q

Discuss impression formation by Haire and Grune 1950 FINDINGS

A

Either ignored word
Took long time include it
Promoted them as manager
Changed/Distorted word

Difficult integrate one piece inconsistent info

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14
Q

What is the Cognitive stereotyping function

A

Save energy - cognitive misers, simplifies how we think

Make predictions - dispositional inferences

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15
Q

What is the Motovational stereotyping function

A

Maintain positive self esteem

Social identity and self concept

Through comparison with less competent others

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16
Q

Outline the stereotyping Process

A

Assign individual to group - categorise
Based salient/accessible characteristic

Activate belief all members behave same way

Respond individual on this basis

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17
Q

Who investigated Illusory Correlation

A

Hamilton and Gifford 1976

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18
Q

Define Illusory Correlation by Hamilton and Gifford 1976

A

Relationship when non exists or exaggeration of relationship

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19
Q

Define Associative meaning and Illusory Correlation by Hamilton and Gifford 1976

A

Based schemas
Monitoring groups, negative attributes

Occur previously thought things go together and do not want to break schema

Only remember instances where these ideas confirmed and ignore those where it does not occur

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20
Q

Give examples of Associative meaning and Illusory Correlation by Hamilton and Gifford 1976

A

Minority’s groups and negative attributions

Wives tales

Urban myths

Superstitions

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21
Q

Define Paired Distinctiveness and Illusory Correlation by Hamilton and Gifford 1976

A 
Minority groups (less of them) 
Negative events (occur less)

As a result salient to us and stand out

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22
Q

Criticisms of Illusory correlation by Hamilton and Gifford 1976

A

Only with memory based judgements as memory required

Not Illusory - rational and functionally adaptive favour in group and highlight differences out group - Oakes, Haslam and Turner 1994

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23
Q

Define the stereotype features

A

Use readily categorise
Especially when social tensions and conflict exit
Early age.
Change slow and response wider social change

Not necessarily wrong - help make sense particular intergroup associations

Efficient, useful

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24
Q

Who investigates the Princeton Trilogy

A

Katz and Braly 1933

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25
Outline the Princeton Trilogy by Katz and Braly 1933 experiment
Assign traits using adjective checklist 84 traits | Which typical target groups
26
Outline the Princeton Trilogy by Katz and Braly 1933 experiment results
High consensus stereotype attribution - even group unfamiliar Favourable own group - Ethnocentrism and Social Identity Theory
27
Outline the Princeton Trilogy by Katz and Braly 1933 experiment results over the years
Reluctant participate Stereotypes communicated much less negatively Positive intergroup relations Stereotypes faded over years
28
Who replicated the Princeton Trilogy by Katz and Braly 1933
Gilbert 1951 Karlins, Coffman and Walters 1969 Same procedures and set of adjectives
29
Evaluation of the Princeton Trilogy by Katz and Braly 1933
Ambiguity instructions No assessment prejudicial Adjective list outdated - advantage and disadvantage - difficult compare Actual prejudicism not reduced
30
Who extended the Trilogy to look at stereotyping of Africa Americans
Dovidio et al 1996 Negative traits diminishing over years
31
Outline Madon et al 2001 replication of the Princeton Trilogy
Stereotypes changed in content over time NOT fading Increases condense more people exposed stereotypes more agreement. More favourable
32
Why does Madon et al 2001 replication of the Princeton Trilogy believe increase consensus stereotypes
Structural and societal changes Increased intergroup contact = travel, communication
33
Who investigated the Stereotype Content Model
Fiske et al 2002
34
Outline Fiske et al 2002 Stereotype Content Model
Fundamental perception generate thoughts and behaviours towards people Universal principles regarding aspects content Primary dimensions warmth and competence underlie emotion and behavioural responses
35
How do warmth and competence underline emotional and behavioural responses according to Fiske et al 2002 Stereotype Content Model
Perceived status -> Competence (positive relationship) Competition -> Warmth (negative relationship) Different combinations produce different emotional and behavioural responses
36
Outline the Racism Implicit Association task
Give exemplars with picture in centre Repeated pairings Then exemplars switched Indicated which of 2 categories more related by ppt responding quicker
37
Who investigated Project Implicit
Nosek et al 2007
38
Outline Project Implicit by Nosek et al 2007
68% ppts Implicit preference white Stronger effect sizes than found in self report. Suppressing automatic response
39
Explain how Project Implicit by Nosek et al 2007 is driven by Own Race Preference
European and American preferences also found in Asians, Hispanics and mixed race African Americans not demonstrate implicit preference own race
40
Explain how Project Implicit by Nosek et al 2007 is driven by Personal attitude or cultural knowledge according to Uhlmann, Poehlman and Nosek
Primarily personal But Both attitudes shaped and influenced by culture
41
Outline Devine 1989 study NUMBER ONE on deliberate or automatic stereotyping process
Asked both groups list adjectives associated black cultural stereotype No difference high and low prejudicism ppts Doesn’t produce reactants Do not differ knowledge culture associations
42
Outline Devine 1989 study NUMBER TWO on deliberate or automatic stereotyping process
Subconscious priming black stereotype to lesser or greater degree Then interpretation ambiguous hostile behaviour in Donald paragraph Asked make evaluative judgements Donald who’s race not stated High and low prejudice ppts rated more hostile after greater stereotype priming
43
Outline Devine 1989 study NUMBER THREE on deliberate or automatic stereotyping process
List thoughts black people under anonymous conditions High prejudice - negative traits Low prejudice - contradict cultural stereotypes, emphasis equality, inhibit automatic stereotype Consciously moderating and controlling
44
Outline the Theory of New Racism - Aversive Racism by Gaertner and Dovidios 1986
Conflict between prejudiced attitudes and modern egalitarian values Racism expressed egalitarian values weak and individuals are in homogenous groups where prejudicism is accepted
45
How do we detect new racism
Unobtrusive - racism and by stander Effect Non-verbal Language use - linguistic intergroup bias effect Indirect - reaction time tasks
46
Outline language use and the linguistic intergroup bias effect of detecting new racism
More likely use negative outgroup descriptions abstract and harder prove wrong Positive in group more likely be specific
47
Who investigated prejudicism and the Bystander Effect
Gaertner and Dovidio 1977
48
Outline the prejudicism and bystander effect and Gaertner and Dovidio 1977
Ppts heard emergency in next room - victim either black or white Ppt alone or with 2 helpers Bystander effect magnified victim was black. Likely if help on their own No overt prejudicism
49
Outline category activation by Bargh 1999
Which schema activated dependent on processing goals and general attitude Salient, relevant, situation, context Change over time Consciously endorsed and adjusted Bigots and humanitarians categorical representations differ
50
Define prejudicism
Unfavourable attitude towards social group and its members Strong, highly accessible negative attitude Cognitive bias and negative stereotypes
51
Define discrimination
Singling out members of social group for prejudice based on attributes of group membership Based unjust treatment certain group Reluctance help Tokenism Reverse discrimination
52
What is tokenism
Small trivial act to appear un prejudice Not really tackling normative situation Employing minorities
53
Define reverse discrimination
Extreme tokenism Favour minority group membership
54
Disadvantages of tokenism
Benefits short term Long term consequences Hired because a woman, be less satisfied, committed
55
Who investigated Tokenism
Chacko 1982
56
Outline tokenism by Chacko 1982
Explored sexism workplace Asked female managers rate factors contributed being employed organisation commitment and job satisfaction Females believed hired token reported lower commitment and satisfaction Hired due to ability rates higher commitment and satisfaction
57
Outline Social Processes as Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination
Mere exposure effect Social learning theory Social identity theory
58
Define the personality theories of prejudice and discrimination
Authoritarian Dogmatism Social dominance theory
59
Outline Mere Exposure Effect by Zajonc 1968
Familiarity increases liking Preference own race
60
Outline Social Learning by Bandura 1977 in regards to Prejudicism and Discrimination
Young children use obvious perceptual features to categorise Can easily pick up adult prejudices Observational learning, instrumental conditioning, classical conditioning
61
Outline Social Identity and Self Categorisation for Prejudicism and Discrimination
Membership important reflect individual self, in group bias, depersonalisation Emphasis differences between groups
62
Outline frustration Aggression hypothesis for Prejudicism and Discrimination
Frustration causes aggression Aggression causes frustration Target unavailable displace and scapegoat Generalisation - spill over onto similar others
63
Who investigates the frustration-aggression hypothesis
Dollard et al 1939
64
What is Berkowitz 1962 criticism of the Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
Frustration can occur without aggression Aggression can occur without frustration Only explain subset
65
Who investigates personality and authoritarianism
Adorno et al 1950
66
Outline Authoritarian personality by Adorno et al 1950
Racism Respect authority, obsession rank and status Developed childhood excessive harsh and disciplinarian practices Displace anger and resentment onto weaker groups
67
Outline Pettigrew 1958 criticism of the authoritarian personality
Few differences between racist and non-racist groups
68
Who researched personality and dogmatism closed mindedness
Rokeach 1948
69
Outline Dogmatism close mindedness personality by Rokeach 1948
High dogmatism = high authoritarian Prejudicism not restricted those authoritarian Generalised with focus cognitive style
70
How does Dogmatism and close mindedness Theory of personality by Rokeach 1948 categorise close mindedness
Resistance to belief in change in light of new info Isolation contradictory belief systems rather than adjustment
71
Criticisms of personality theories of prejudicism and discrimination
Fail account sudden attitude change - increase anti-Muslim sentiment after 9/11 Fail account situational factors Aggregates individual behaviour without understanding social processes
72
Who investigates the personality theory of Social Dominance Theory
Sidanius and Pratto 1999
73
Outline the personality theory of social dominance theory by Sidanius and Pratto 1999
Most societies 1 group with disproportionate power and privileges Desire own group be dominant - high social dominance orientation Maintain status quo even if part of subordinate group
74
How does the Social Dominance Theory by Sidanius and Pratto 1999 propose that 1 group maintains its disproportionate power
Stable inequality maintained through oppressive actions and discrimination Discrimination hidden through legitimising myths - national security
75
Who investigates the Belief Congruence Theory
Rokeach 1960
76
Outline the Belief Congruence Theory by Rokeach 1960
Similar beliefs - liking and social harmony Dissimilar beliefs - dislike and prejudice Beliefs more important than race Operates where institutionalised prejudicism doesn’t exist
77
Outline the evaluation of the Belief Congruence Theory by Rokeach 1960
``` Very restrictive Empirical support weak Belief similarity just one contributing factor others may be stronger Over simplified Most prejudicism historic in culture ```
78
Outline sex stereotypes and discrimination according to Friske 1998
Women - nice Men - competence Held across cultures and genders
79
Outline sex stereotypes and discrimination according to Martin 1987
People don’t describe themselves as such through stereotypes Often don’t notice discrimination
80
How do individuals represent the sexes as a subtype?
Women: Housewife, sexy, career or feminist/athlete/lesbian Man: Businessman or Macho man
81
Outline sex stereotypes and discrimination according to Lorenzo-Cioldi et al 1995
Men and women see women more homogenous than men
82
Why do sex stereotypes persist
Sex roles Men - our home full time jobs Women - home makers Minor differences in intrinsic personality that are exaggerated Certain roles sex typed
83
Outline Eagly and Steffen 1984 study on sex stereotypes and discrimination
Asked male and female ppts rate imaginary people in different roles Home makers seen more feminine Supports certain roles sex typed
84
Outline the glass ceiling effect
Stereotypes prevent promotion due to competence perceptions E.g. females in upper management and makes as flight attendants
85
How are sex stereotypes maintained
Media largely Face-ism - greater prominence head and less to body for men and vice versa for women Success in men seen justified/deserving as down to ability
86
Outline Deaux and Emswiller 1974 study on sex stereotypes and attribution
Looked men and women performing masculine and feminine tasks Female performing masculine task down to luck Male performing feminine task attributes same amount luck as female performing female tasks
87
Outline the illegality of sexism
Overt sexism much reduced Sex stereotypes more subtle
88
Who looked at the ambivalent sexism inventory
Glick and Fiske 1996
89
Outline the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory by Glick and Fiske 1996
Sexists benevolent and hostile attitudes Benevolent towards traditional women Hostile towards non-traditional women
90
Outline the recent reviews findings of sex stereotypes and discrimination
Reduced tendencies devalue women’s work Positive female stereotype emerging BUT only in western democratic countries

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