Lecture 5 - Stereotypes, Prejudicism and Discrimination Flashcards
Outline Hilton and Von Hippel 1996 definition of a person schema
Widely shared generalisations about members of a social group
Outline Amodio and Devine 2005 definition of a person schema
Function organise and facilitate the processing of info about members different social and/or ethnic groups
Define a schema
Underlying cog structures shape judgements and perceptions
Organise info, characteristics, impressions
Idiosyncratic personal constructs
What’s salient activate stereotypes
Dominated key characteristics. Impression formation - central traits
Outline Asch 1946 Configural Model for impression formation
Gestalt
Overall impressions more important individual pieces
Central traits carry more influence to peripheral traits
Accounting for the primary-recent effect in impression formation
Positive aspects put first more likely see individual as positive
First impressions do matter
How does early information affect impression formation
Early info is real person
Attention greatest making initial impressions
Early info affects meaning later info
Ignore info different to test as want to avoid cognitive dissonance
Who investigated Unified Impression Formation
Asch 1946
Outline the study for the Unified Impression Formation by Asch 1946
Adjective list but insert different adjective for each ppt
Warm/Cold, Polite/Blunt
Rate this person
Outline the study results for the Unified Impression Formation by Asch 1946
Depending what central trait provided warm/cold polite/blunt changed judgement
Warm/Cold central traits
Polite/Blunt peripheral traits
Central traits rest on relationship with other traits
What is the algebraic model
Average info received
What is the configural model
Certain elements dominate and influence interpretation of others
Cognitive dissonance - reappraise discrepant elements
Drive unified and organised impression shapes of mental processing
Discuss impression formation by Haire and Grune 1950
Asked ppts describe working man from stereotype consistent info
Lists adjectives, write description
Fine until presented piece info inconsistent ‘intelligence’
Discuss impression formation by Haire and Grune 1950 FINDINGS
Either ignored word
Took long time include it
Promoted them as manager
Changed/Distorted word
Difficult integrate one piece inconsistent info
What is the Cognitive stereotyping function
Save energy - cognitive misers, simplifies how we think
Make predictions - dispositional inferences
What is the Motovational stereotyping function
Maintain positive self esteem
Social identity and self concept
Through comparison with less competent others
Outline the stereotyping Process
Assign individual to group - categorise
Based salient/accessible characteristic
Activate belief all members behave same way
Respond individual on this basis
Who investigated Illusory Correlation
Hamilton and Gifford 1976
Define Illusory Correlation by Hamilton and Gifford 1976
Relationship when non exists or exaggeration of relationship
Define Associative meaning and Illusory Correlation by Hamilton and Gifford 1976
Based schemas
Monitoring groups, negative attributes
Occur previously thought things go together and do not want to break schema
Only remember instances where these ideas confirmed and ignore those where it does not occur
Give examples of Associative meaning and Illusory Correlation by Hamilton and Gifford 1976
Minority’s groups and negative attributions
Wives tales
Urban myths
Superstitions
Define Paired Distinctiveness and Illusory Correlation by Hamilton and Gifford 1976
Minority groups (less of them) Negative events (occur less)
As a result salient to us and stand out
Criticisms of Illusory correlation by Hamilton and Gifford 1976
Only with memory based judgements as memory required
Not Illusory - rational and functionally adaptive favour in group and highlight differences out group - Oakes, Haslam and Turner 1994
Define the stereotype features
Use readily categorise
Especially when social tensions and conflict exit
Early age.
Change slow and response wider social change
Not necessarily wrong - help make sense particular intergroup associations
Efficient, useful
Who investigates the Princeton Trilogy
Katz and Braly 1933
Outline the Princeton Trilogy by Katz and Braly 1933 experiment
Assign traits using adjective checklist 84 traits
Which typical target groups
Outline the Princeton Trilogy by Katz and Braly 1933 experiment results
High consensus stereotype attribution - even group unfamiliar
Favourable own group - Ethnocentrism and Social Identity Theory
Outline the Princeton Trilogy by Katz and Braly 1933 experiment results over the years
Reluctant participate
Stereotypes communicated much less negatively
Positive intergroup relations
Stereotypes faded over years
Who replicated the Princeton Trilogy by Katz and Braly 1933
Gilbert 1951
Karlins, Coffman and Walters 1969
Same procedures and set of adjectives
Evaluation of the Princeton Trilogy by Katz and Braly 1933
Ambiguity instructions
No assessment prejudicial
Adjective list outdated - advantage and disadvantage - difficult compare
Actual prejudicism not reduced
Who extended the Trilogy to look at stereotyping of Africa Americans
Dovidio et al 1996
Negative traits diminishing over years
Outline Madon et al 2001 replication of the Princeton Trilogy
Stereotypes changed in content over time NOT fading
Increases condense more people exposed stereotypes more agreement. More favourable
Why does Madon et al 2001 replication of the Princeton Trilogy believe increase consensus stereotypes
Structural and societal changes
Increased intergroup contact = travel, communication
Who investigated the Stereotype Content Model
Fiske et al 2002
Outline Fiske et al 2002 Stereotype Content Model
Fundamental perception generate thoughts and behaviours towards people
Universal principles regarding aspects content
Primary dimensions warmth and competence underlie emotion and behavioural responses
How do warmth and competence underline emotional and behavioural responses according to Fiske et al 2002 Stereotype Content Model
Perceived status -> Competence (positive relationship)
Competition -> Warmth (negative relationship)
Different combinations produce different emotional and behavioural responses
Outline the Racism Implicit Association task
Give exemplars with picture in centre
Repeated pairings
Then exemplars switched
Indicated which of 2 categories more related by ppt responding quicker
Who investigated Project Implicit
Nosek et al 2007
Outline Project Implicit by Nosek et al 2007
68% ppts Implicit preference white
Stronger effect sizes than found in self report. Suppressing automatic response
Explain how Project Implicit by Nosek et al 2007 is driven by Own Race Preference
European and American preferences also found in Asians, Hispanics and mixed race
African Americans not demonstrate implicit preference own race
Explain how Project Implicit by Nosek et al 2007 is driven by Personal attitude or cultural knowledge according to Uhlmann, Poehlman and Nosek
Primarily personal
But
Both attitudes shaped and influenced by culture
Outline Devine 1989 study NUMBER ONE on deliberate or automatic stereotyping process
Asked both groups list adjectives associated black cultural stereotype
No difference high and low prejudicism ppts
Doesn’t produce reactants
Do not differ knowledge culture associations
Outline Devine 1989 study NUMBER TWO on deliberate or automatic stereotyping process
Subconscious priming black stereotype to lesser or greater degree
Then interpretation ambiguous hostile behaviour in Donald paragraph
Asked make evaluative judgements Donald who’s race not stated
High and low prejudice ppts rated more hostile after greater stereotype priming
Outline Devine 1989 study NUMBER THREE on deliberate or automatic stereotyping process
List thoughts black people under anonymous conditions
High prejudice - negative traits
Low prejudice - contradict cultural stereotypes, emphasis equality, inhibit automatic stereotype
Consciously moderating and controlling
Outline the Theory of New Racism - Aversive Racism by Gaertner and Dovidios 1986
Conflict between prejudiced attitudes and modern egalitarian values
Racism expressed egalitarian values weak and individuals are in homogenous groups where prejudicism is accepted
How do we detect new racism
Unobtrusive - racism and by stander Effect
Non-verbal
Language use - linguistic intergroup bias effect
Indirect - reaction time tasks
Outline language use and the linguistic intergroup bias effect of detecting new racism
More likely use negative outgroup descriptions abstract and harder prove wrong
Positive in group more likely be specific
Who investigated prejudicism and the Bystander Effect
Gaertner and Dovidio 1977
Outline the prejudicism and bystander effect and Gaertner and Dovidio 1977
Ppts heard emergency in next room - victim either black or white
Ppt alone or with 2 helpers
Bystander effect magnified victim was black. Likely if help on their own
No overt prejudicism
Outline category activation by Bargh 1999
Which schema activated dependent on processing goals and general attitude
Salient, relevant, situation, context
Change over time
Consciously endorsed and adjusted
Bigots and humanitarians categorical representations differ
Define prejudicism
Unfavourable attitude towards social group and its members
Strong, highly accessible negative attitude
Cognitive bias and negative stereotypes
Define discrimination
Singling out members of social group for prejudice based on attributes of group membership
Based unjust treatment certain group
Reluctance help
Tokenism
Reverse discrimination
What is tokenism
Small trivial act to appear un prejudice
Not really tackling normative situation
Employing minorities
Define reverse discrimination
Extreme tokenism
Favour minority group membership
Disadvantages of tokenism
Benefits short term
Long term consequences
Hired because a woman, be less satisfied, committed
Who investigated Tokenism
Chacko 1982
Outline tokenism by Chacko 1982
Explored sexism workplace
Asked female managers rate factors contributed being employed organisation commitment and job satisfaction
Females believed hired token reported lower commitment and satisfaction
Hired due to ability rates higher commitment and satisfaction
Outline Social Processes as Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination
Mere exposure effect
Social learning theory
Social identity theory
Define the personality theories of prejudice and discrimination
Authoritarian
Dogmatism
Social dominance theory
Outline Mere Exposure Effect by Zajonc 1968
Familiarity increases liking
Preference own race
Outline Social Learning by Bandura 1977 in regards to Prejudicism and Discrimination
Young children use obvious perceptual features to categorise
Can easily pick up adult prejudices
Observational learning, instrumental conditioning, classical conditioning
Outline Social Identity and Self Categorisation for Prejudicism and Discrimination
Membership important reflect individual self, in group bias, depersonalisation
Emphasis differences between groups
Outline frustration Aggression hypothesis for Prejudicism and Discrimination
Frustration causes aggression
Aggression causes frustration
Target unavailable displace and scapegoat
Generalisation - spill over onto similar others
Who investigates the frustration-aggression hypothesis
Dollard et al 1939
What is Berkowitz 1962 criticism of the Frustration Aggression Hypothesis
Frustration can occur without aggression
Aggression can occur without frustration
Only explain subset
Who investigates personality and authoritarianism
Adorno et al 1950
Outline Authoritarian personality by Adorno et al 1950
Racism
Respect authority, obsession rank and status
Developed childhood excessive harsh and disciplinarian practices
Displace anger and resentment onto weaker groups
Outline Pettigrew 1958 criticism of the authoritarian personality
Few differences between racist and non-racist groups
Who researched personality and dogmatism closed mindedness
Rokeach 1948
Outline Dogmatism close mindedness personality by Rokeach 1948
High dogmatism = high authoritarian
Prejudicism not restricted those authoritarian
Generalised with focus cognitive style
How does Dogmatism and close mindedness Theory of personality by Rokeach 1948 categorise close mindedness
Resistance to belief in change in light of new info
Isolation contradictory belief systems rather than adjustment
Criticisms of personality theories of prejudicism and discrimination
Fail account sudden attitude change - increase anti-Muslim sentiment after 9/11
Fail account situational factors
Aggregates individual behaviour without understanding social processes
Who investigates the personality theory of Social Dominance Theory
Sidanius and Pratto 1999
Outline the personality theory of social dominance theory by Sidanius and Pratto 1999
Most societies 1 group with disproportionate power and privileges
Desire own group be dominant - high social dominance orientation
Maintain status quo even if part of subordinate group
How does the Social Dominance Theory by Sidanius and Pratto 1999 propose that 1 group maintains its disproportionate power
Stable inequality maintained through oppressive actions and discrimination
Discrimination hidden through legitimising myths - national security
Who investigates the Belief Congruence Theory
Rokeach 1960
Outline the Belief Congruence Theory by Rokeach 1960
Similar beliefs - liking and social harmony
Dissimilar beliefs - dislike and prejudice
Beliefs more important than race
Operates where institutionalised prejudicism doesn’t exist
Outline the evaluation of the Belief Congruence Theory by Rokeach 1960
Very restrictive Empirical support weak Belief similarity just one contributing factor others may be stronger Over simplified Most prejudicism historic in culture
Outline sex stereotypes and discrimination according to Friske 1998
Women - nice
Men - competence
Held across cultures and genders
Outline sex stereotypes and discrimination according to Martin 1987
People don’t describe themselves as such through stereotypes
Often don’t notice discrimination
How do individuals represent the sexes as a subtype?
Women:
Housewife, sexy, career or feminist/athlete/lesbian
Man:
Businessman or Macho man
Outline sex stereotypes and discrimination according to Lorenzo-Cioldi et al 1995
Men and women see women more homogenous than men
Why do sex stereotypes persist
Sex roles
Men - our home full time jobs
Women - home makers
Minor differences in intrinsic personality that are exaggerated
Certain roles sex typed
Outline Eagly and Steffen 1984 study on sex stereotypes and discrimination
Asked male and female ppts rate imaginary people in different roles
Home makers seen more feminine
Supports certain roles sex typed
Outline the glass ceiling effect
Stereotypes prevent promotion due to competence perceptions
E.g. females in upper management and makes as flight attendants
How are sex stereotypes maintained
Media largely
Face-ism - greater prominence head and less to body for men and vice versa for women
Success in men seen justified/deserving as down to ability
Outline Deaux and Emswiller 1974 study on sex stereotypes and attribution
Looked men and women performing masculine and feminine tasks
Female performing masculine task down to luck
Male performing feminine task attributes same amount luck as female performing female tasks
Outline the illegality of sexism
Overt sexism much reduced
Sex stereotypes more subtle
Who looked at the ambivalent sexism inventory
Glick and Fiske 1996
Outline the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory by Glick and Fiske 1996
Sexists benevolent and hostile attitudes
Benevolent towards traditional women
Hostile towards non-traditional women
Outline the recent reviews findings of sex stereotypes and discrimination
Reduced tendencies devalue women’s work
Positive female stereotype emerging
BUT only in western democratic countries
