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Lecture 10 - Cross Cultural Differences Flashcards

1
Q

Define culture

A

No consensus definition

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2
Q

Define culture according to Rohner 1984

A

Highly variable systems of meaning

Learnt and shared by people from one generation to the next in an identifiable population

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3
Q

Define culture according to Hogg and Vaughan 2014

A

Expression group norms and values at national racial and ethnic level

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4
Q

Why is culture important

A

Human behaviour not exist in cultural vacuum
Provides context understanding development and behaviour
Existing research challenged universality of some prior findings

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5
Q

Define what cross cultural psychology is Berry et al 2011

A

Study of relationships between cultural context and human behaviour between cultures similarities against back drop of cultural differences

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6
Q

What is a WEIRD sample

A 
Western 
Educated
Industrialised 
Rich 
Democratic
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7
Q

What are Henrich Heine and Norenzayan 2010 sub definitions of WEIRD samples

A

96% samples in psych come from countries representing only 12% worlds population

80% relief college students
Randomly selected American UG 4000x more likely be a ppt than randomly selected person from country outside the west

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8
Q

Why does Henrich et al 2010 believe researchers use WEIRD samples

A

Researchers assume there is little variation across populations and standard subjects are representative of species

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9
Q

What did Henrich et al 2010 fine in actual fact of the representativeness of WEIRD samples

A

WEIRD samples are frequent outliers across wide range psychological domains

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10
Q

What is an example of a study showing WEIRD cross cultural issues

A

Fairness in economic decision making

—> the ultimatum game

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11
Q

What is the ultimatum game

A

Given sum money and decide how much allocate other person
Responder choose whether accept or not
If don’t accept both lose money

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12
Q

What are the typical offers accepted in the ultimatum game Henrich et al 2010

A

Typically £4-5 of the £10
Offering 40-50% accepted
Lower 30% rejected

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13
Q

What is the cross cultural issue with ultimatum game Henrich et al 2010

A

Not reflected in other countries

Some countries accept lower amount

Just reflecting western results

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14
Q

How does Hofsede 1980 investigate characterising cultures by values

A

Looked at work place culture
Questionnaire 117,000 managers of multinational companies
40 counties
Factor analysis
Dimensions characterised WHOLE cultures and societies

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15
Q

What factors did Hofstede 1980 look at in his factor analysis of work place culture

A 
Power distance 
Uncertainty avoidance 
Masculinity- Femininity 
Individualism-Collectivism 
Time Perspective
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16
Q

What is power distance

A

How acceptable speak up and challenge boss

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17
Q

What is uncertainty avoidance

A

Extent which culture plans for stability and dealing with uncertainty

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18
Q

What is Masculinity-Femininity

A

What we value

Masculinity = achievement success wealth external

Femininity = interpersonal harmony relationships

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19
Q

What is individualism collectivism

A

Most widely used dimension
See identity product own internal attributes
Choices they make vs making themselves fit to social context

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20
Q

What is Time Perspective

A

Long term planning incorporating how overcome obstacles
Goal related planning
Added 1991

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21
Q

How can Great Britain be characterised according to Hoftese 1980

A

Individualistic

Concerned with material success

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22
Q

How can Denmark be characterised according to Hoftese 1980

A

Individualistic
Caring
Egalitarian (female)

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23
Q

How can Hong Kong be characterised according to Hoftese 1980

A

Accepting power hierarchies and collectivistic

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24
Q

Outline Markus and and Kitahamas 1991 Self Construal Theory to characterise people within cultures

A

Individualistic-Collectivist dimension measured at individual level

Independent Self Construal

Interdependent Self construal

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25
What is Interdependent Self Construal
Persons identity intertwined with others and defined by those relationships More permeable boundaries. Identities more fluent depending who with and cultures
26
What is Independent Self Construal
Persons identity product stable internal traits and separate and unique from others
27
Outline Cross, Hardin and Gercek Swing 2011 criticism of Markus and Kitayamas 1991 Self Construal Theory
Women western societies more likely than men to define themselves terms their relationships Relational Self Construal - individual difference extent which people define themselves reference close personal relationships Not about group memberships or social roles
28
Outline Questionnaires and the Self Construal Scale by Singelis 1994 as a measurement of Self Construal
Most common 12 items on Independent Self Construal 12 items on Interdependent Self Construal Likert Scale 1-7
29
Give examples of Interdependent Self Construal items from the Self Construal Scale
My happiness depends on happiness those around me Often have feeling that my relationships with others are more important than my own accomplishments
30
Give examples of Independent Self Construal items from the Self Construal Scale
I am comfortable being singled out for praise or rewards I act same no matter who I am with I enjoy being unique and different from others in many respects
31
Outline the 20 statement task by Kuhn and McPartland 1954 for measurement of Self Construal
Ppts complete 20 sentence stems Start with “I am...” Codes into independent, interdependent and relational Self Construal Number statements each category serves as measure Self Construal
32
Outline Priming Self Construal as a measurement by Trafimow Triandis and Goto 1991
Asked people think what makes them different from their friends and family - Independent Self Construal Asked Think what makes them similar to friends and family - interdependent Self Construal
33
Evaluation of the Priming Self Construal Measurement
Assumes people in all cultures have both independent and interdependent Self Construal Allows cause and effect relationships to be investigated
34
Who investigated cross cultural differences in attention
Masuda and Nisbett 2001
35
Outline the background of cross cultural differences in attention by Masuda and Nisbett 2001
Link between Self Construal and attention to visual sciences East Asian process holistically - perception bound to social context Westerners - process focal object
36
Where do the findings of cross cultural differences in attention by Masuda and Nisbett 2001 stem from
Stems from differences in Ancient Greek (autonomy, formal logical, breaking it down) VS Ancient Chinese societies Historic and socialisation why differences seen between 2 cultures
37
Outline the method of experiment 1 by Masuda and Nisbett 2001
Ppts saw 45 original & 45 novel objects Watched 10 underwater animated videos Focal fish bigger Surprised memory test Background manipulated Ppts were to indicate if they had seen this object
38
Outline the results for experiment 1 by Masuda and Nisbett 2001
2X3 ANOVA no interaction in Americans recalling focal object Japanese - function background have them When presented original background accuracy significantly better than novel Object holistically encoded with original background proving difficult recognise when presented novel
39
Outline experiment 2 by Masuda and Nisbett 2001
Replicated findings with real wildlife photos and reaction times Japanese more Errors with previously seen objects on novel backgrounds More attentive to social context and relationships between objects
40
Outline cross cultural differences in perception by Kitayama Duffy and Kawamura and Larsen 2003
Differences cognitive processing may be differentials advantageous Some tasks require absolute judgements - focal object unaffected by context Others require relative judgement - focal object dependent on context
41
Describe the Framed Line Task as a non social test of cross cultural differences of cognitive ability
Presented frame 1 original stimulus of square varying in size with line drawn in Frame 2 - smaller or larger square Have to complete absolute or relative task
42
What is the absolute task for the Framed Line Task as a non social test of cross cultural differences of cognitive ability
Draw line seen in first image in second image at exact same size
43
What is the relative task for the Framed Line Task as a non social test of cross cultural differences of cognitive ability
Draw line seen but in relative proportion not exact size
44
What are the results of the Framed Line Task
Japanese make significantly more errors when completing absolute task - focus focal object Americans worse at relative task - focus overall image
45
Outline experiment 2 findings using the Framed Line Task
Japanese ppts in Japan made more errors in absolute task Americans in America made more errors in relative tasks Americans in Japan begin to make more errors in absolute task. Reverse findings Japanese in America - improvement in absolute task, decline relative task
46
Why do the results occur in experiment 2 Framed Line Task
Down to socialising Begin to adapt and respond
47
Is culture hard wired in the brain according to Park and Huang 2010
Culture affects neural function particularly central visual cortex Research examine how cultural immersion another country affects neural processing
48
Outline what attribution bias is related to culture
Correspondence bias Attribute others bad behaviours to internal causes Attribute own bad behaviours to external causes Is this more common in individualistic culture?
49
Outline the method for study 1 by Morris and Peng 1994 in culture and attribution
Compulsion display Chinese and American school children Watched animated displays social events (fish swimming) and physical events (football moving) Ratings of extent which movements due to function object itself or external force
50
Outline the results for study 1 by Morris and Peng 1994 in culture and attribution
No differences Chinese and American on causal attribution physical events Social events 1 out of 3 studies Americans more internal findings Chinese ppts explaining social situations using external factors more frequently than Americans
51
What did Morris and Peng 1994 predict about attributions and cross cultural differences
Predicted cross cultural differences in attribution occur in social situations due to differences in socialisation
52
Outline study 2 by Morris and Peng 1994 on attributions and cross cultural differences
Replicated more naturalistic context American newspaper more dispositional attributions for mass shooting Chinese newspaper more situational attributions
53
Outline study 3 by Morris and Peng 1994 on attributions and cross cultural differences
Replicated in more naturalistic context American ppts judges dispositional factors more likely causes mass shooting Situational factors judged more likely by Chinese participants
54
What attribution bias appears evident in East Asian Cultures
Attenuation of correspondence bias in East Asian Cultures
55
Why does there appear to be an attenuation of correspondence bias in East Asian Cultures
Due to differences in use dispositional cues? Greater sensitivity social context? Combination?
56
Outline Choi and Nisbett 1998 study
American and Korean ppts read pro capital punishment essay written by another student Investigate if cultural differences in different levels of salience Decide extent which essay corresponded to student real attitude 1-7
57
What are the conditions in Choi and Nesbitts 1998 study
No choice condition - student no choice over topic Exposure condition - told to take a stance making contextual info more salient Exposure and arguments condition - told write essay stance take and given 2 arguments try and include
58
Results of Choi and Nisbetts 1998 study in American ppts
No difference across conditions for American ppts Equally likely say essay reflected true judgements in all conditions Not sensitive to contextual info
59
Results of Choi and Nisbetts 1998 study in Korean ppts
Reverse findings | Belief own individuals own work goes down as salience increases
60
Why do Choi and Nisbett 1998 believe there is an attenuation of correspondence bias in East Asian Cultures
Stronger situationalism
61
Define dispositionalism
Mode of thinking Seen across cultures Attribute internal characteristics
62
Outline Limitations in cross cultural psychology Oyserman Coon and Kemmelmeiers meta analysis
Individualistic-Collectivist differences often assumed without measurement Over reliance correlational studies Diversity measures used measure same DV Lack replication
63
Cross et al 201- issues with self report measures of cross cultural differences
2 factor structure IndSC and InterSC not good fit Cronbachs alpha reliabilities adequate at best Multiple version Self Construal Scale - how compare if different forms Face validity questionable - rate in comparison to others know Reference group effect - variation within culture not necessarily between
64
Cross et al 2011 issues with 20 statements test
Researchers rarely provided detailed description coding scheme Differ in definition and coding InterSC and RelSC Not assess importance self views Hard task
65
Outline Voronov and Singer conceptual issue of collectivism and individualism being reductionist labels
Whole culture or society pigeon holes in dichotomous categories Subtle differences and qualitative nuances glossed over Evoke fixed and caricature like mental impressions Rather than representative picture of their complexities
66
Outline Güngör et al 2014 study on capital issues and face and honour cultures
Interdependent cultures value interpersonal connectedness But the nature of connection differs Keeping face cultures - respect others observing norms dictated by position in social hierarchy Honour cultures - pride based social image, reputation, others evaluation. Interpersonal harmony
67
Outline Güngör et al 2014 study on interpersonal agency
Japanese and Turkish sample Japanese describe agency more terms conformity Turkish ppts more terms relatedness Collectivism/individualism distinction glossed over nuances between 2 interdependent cultures
68
Outline Cohen 2009 conceptual issue of their being many different types of culture
Religion SES Religion within a country Psychologists need expand definition and measurement beyond individualism-collectivism and IndSC and InterSC
69
Conclusion
Cultural differences construction social identity East Asian ppts process visual info holistically. Attend more to context East Asian less likely make correspondence bias when importance situational context made salient Issues conceptualisation and measurement culture

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