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Social > Lecture 10 - Cross Cultural Differences > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Cross Cultural Differences Flashcards

1
Q

Define culture

A

No consensus definition

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2
Q

Define culture according to Rohner 1984

A

Highly variable systems of meaning

Learnt and shared by people from one generation to the next in an identifiable population

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3
Q

Define culture according to Hogg and Vaughan 2014

A

Expression group norms and values at national racial and ethnic level

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4
Q

Why is culture important

A

Human behaviour not exist in cultural vacuum
Provides context understanding development and behaviour
Existing research challenged universality of some prior findings

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5
Q

Define what cross cultural psychology is Berry et al 2011

A

Study of relationships between cultural context and human behaviour between cultures similarities against back drop of cultural differences

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6
Q

What is a WEIRD sample

A 
Western 
Educated
Industrialised 
Rich 
Democratic
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7
Q

What are Henrich Heine and Norenzayan 2010 sub definitions of WEIRD samples

A

96% samples in psych come from countries representing only 12% worlds population

80% relief college students
Randomly selected American UG 4000x more likely be a ppt than randomly selected person from country outside the west

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8
Q

Why does Henrich et al 2010 believe researchers use WEIRD samples

A

Researchers assume there is little variation across populations and standard subjects are representative of species

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9
Q

What did Henrich et al 2010 fine in actual fact of the representativeness of WEIRD samples

A

WEIRD samples are frequent outliers across wide range psychological domains

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10
Q

What is an example of a study showing WEIRD cross cultural issues

A

Fairness in economic decision making

—> the ultimatum game

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11
Q

What is the ultimatum game

A

Given sum money and decide how much allocate other person
Responder choose whether accept or not
If don’t accept both lose money

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12
Q

What are the typical offers accepted in the ultimatum game Henrich et al 2010

A

Typically £4-5 of the £10
Offering 40-50% accepted
Lower 30% rejected

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13
Q

What is the cross cultural issue with ultimatum game Henrich et al 2010

A

Not reflected in other countries

Some countries accept lower amount

Just reflecting western results

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14
Q

How does Hofsede 1980 investigate characterising cultures by values

A

Looked at work place culture
Questionnaire 117,000 managers of multinational companies
40 counties
Factor analysis
Dimensions characterised WHOLE cultures and societies

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15
Q

What factors did Hofstede 1980 look at in his factor analysis of work place culture

A 
Power distance 
Uncertainty avoidance 
Masculinity- Femininity 
Individualism-Collectivism 
Time Perspective
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16
Q

What is power distance

A

How acceptable speak up and challenge boss

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17
Q

What is uncertainty avoidance

A

Extent which culture plans for stability and dealing with uncertainty

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18
Q

What is Masculinity-Femininity

A

What we value

Masculinity = achievement success wealth external

Femininity = interpersonal harmony relationships

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19
Q

What is individualism collectivism

A

Most widely used dimension
See identity product own internal attributes
Choices they make vs making themselves fit to social context

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20
Q

What is Time Perspective

A

Long term planning incorporating how overcome obstacles
Goal related planning
Added 1991

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21
Q

How can Great Britain be characterised according to Hoftese 1980

A

Individualistic

Concerned with material success

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22
Q

How can Denmark be characterised according to Hoftese 1980

A

Individualistic
Caring
Egalitarian (female)

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23
Q

How can Hong Kong be characterised according to Hoftese 1980

A

Accepting power hierarchies and collectivistic

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24
Q

Outline Markus and and Kitahamas 1991 Self Construal Theory to characterise people within cultures

A

Individualistic-Collectivist dimension measured at individual level

Independent Self Construal

Interdependent Self construal

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25
Q

What is Interdependent Self Construal

A

Persons identity intertwined with others and defined by those relationships

More permeable boundaries. Identities more fluent depending who with and cultures

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26
Q

What is Independent Self Construal

A

Persons identity product stable internal traits and separate and unique from others

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27
Q

Outline Cross, Hardin and Gercek Swing 2011 criticism of Markus and Kitayamas 1991 Self Construal Theory

A

Women western societies more likely than men to define themselves terms their relationships

Relational Self Construal - individual difference extent which people define themselves reference close personal relationships

Not about group memberships or social roles

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28
Q

Outline Questionnaires and the Self Construal Scale by Singelis 1994 as a measurement of Self Construal

A

Most common
12 items on Independent Self Construal
12 items on Interdependent Self Construal
Likert Scale 1-7

29
Q

Give examples of Interdependent Self Construal items from the Self Construal Scale

A

My happiness depends on happiness those around me

Often have feeling that my relationships with others are more important than my own accomplishments

30
Q

Give examples of Independent Self Construal items from the Self Construal Scale

A

I am comfortable being singled out for praise or rewards

I act same no matter who I am with

I enjoy being unique and different from others in many respects

31
Q

Outline the 20 statement task by Kuhn and McPartland 1954 for measurement of Self Construal

A

Ppts complete 20 sentence stems
Start with “I am…”
Codes into independent, interdependent and relational Self Construal
Number statements each category serves as measure Self Construal

32
Q

Outline Priming Self Construal as a measurement by Trafimow Triandis and Goto 1991

A

Asked people think what makes them different from their friends and family - Independent Self Construal

Asked Think what makes them similar to friends and family - interdependent Self Construal

33
Q

Evaluation of the Priming Self Construal Measurement

A

Assumes people in all cultures have both independent and interdependent Self Construal

Allows cause and effect relationships to be investigated

34
Q

Who investigated cross cultural differences in attention

A

Masuda and Nisbett 2001

35
Q

Outline the background of cross cultural differences in attention by Masuda and Nisbett 2001

A

Link between Self Construal and attention to visual sciences

East Asian process holistically - perception bound to social context

Westerners - process focal object

36
Q

Where do the findings of cross cultural differences in attention by Masuda and Nisbett 2001 stem from

A

Stems from differences in Ancient Greek (autonomy, formal logical, breaking it down)
VS
Ancient Chinese societies

Historic and socialisation why differences seen between 2 cultures

37
Q

Outline the method of experiment 1 by Masuda and Nisbett 2001

A

Ppts saw 45 original & 45 novel objects
Watched 10 underwater animated videos
Focal fish bigger
Surprised memory test
Background manipulated
Ppts were to indicate if they had seen this object

38
Q

Outline the results for experiment 1 by Masuda and Nisbett 2001

A

2X3 ANOVA no interaction in Americans recalling focal object

Japanese - function background have them
When presented original background accuracy significantly better than novel
Object holistically encoded with original background proving difficult recognise when presented novel

39
Q

Outline experiment 2 by Masuda and Nisbett 2001

A

Replicated findings with real wildlife photos and reaction times
Japanese more Errors with previously seen objects on novel backgrounds
More attentive to social context and relationships between objects

40
Q

Outline cross cultural differences in perception by Kitayama Duffy and Kawamura and Larsen 2003

A

Differences cognitive processing may be differentials advantageous

Some tasks require absolute judgements - focal object unaffected by context

Others require relative judgement - focal object dependent on context

41
Q

Describe the Framed Line Task as a non social test of cross cultural differences of cognitive ability

A

Presented frame 1 original stimulus of square varying in size with line drawn in

Frame 2 - smaller or larger square

Have to complete absolute or relative task

42
Q

What is the absolute task for the Framed Line Task as a non social test of cross cultural differences of cognitive ability

A

Draw line seen in first image in second image at exact same size

43
Q

What is the relative task for the Framed Line Task as a non social test of cross cultural differences of cognitive ability

A

Draw line seen but in relative proportion not exact size

44
Q

What are the results of the Framed Line Task

A

Japanese make significantly more errors when completing absolute task - focus focal object

Americans worse at relative task - focus overall image

45
Q

Outline experiment 2 findings using the Framed Line Task

A

Japanese ppts in Japan made more errors in absolute task

Americans in America made more errors in relative tasks

Americans in Japan begin to make more errors in absolute task. Reverse findings

Japanese in America - improvement in absolute task, decline relative task

46
Q

Why do the results occur in experiment 2 Framed Line Task

A

Down to socialising

Begin to adapt and respond

47
Q

Is culture hard wired in the brain according to Park and Huang 2010

A

Culture affects neural function particularly central visual cortex

Research examine how cultural immersion another country affects neural processing

48
Q

Outline what attribution bias is related to culture

A

Correspondence bias
Attribute others bad behaviours to internal causes
Attribute own bad behaviours to external causes

Is this more common in individualistic culture?

49
Q

Outline the method for study 1 by Morris and Peng 1994 in culture and attribution

A

Compulsion display Chinese and American school children
Watched animated displays social events (fish swimming) and physical events (football moving)

Ratings of extent which movements due to function object itself or external force

50
Q

Outline the results for study 1 by Morris and Peng 1994 in culture and attribution

A

No differences Chinese and American on causal attribution physical events

Social events
1 out of 3 studies Americans more internal findings
Chinese ppts explaining social situations using external factors more frequently than Americans

51
Q

What did Morris and Peng 1994 predict about attributions and cross cultural differences

A

Predicted cross cultural differences in attribution occur in social situations due to differences in socialisation

52
Q

Outline study 2 by Morris and Peng 1994 on attributions and cross cultural differences

A

Replicated more naturalistic context
American newspaper more dispositional attributions for mass shooting
Chinese newspaper more situational attributions

53
Q

Outline study 3 by Morris and Peng 1994 on attributions and cross cultural differences

A

Replicated in more naturalistic context
American ppts judges dispositional factors more likely causes mass shooting
Situational factors judged more likely by Chinese participants

54
Q

What attribution bias appears evident in East Asian Cultures

A

Attenuation of correspondence bias in East Asian Cultures

55
Q

Why does there appear to be an attenuation of correspondence bias in East Asian Cultures

A

Due to differences in use dispositional cues?

Greater sensitivity social context?

Combination?

56
Q

Outline Choi and Nisbett 1998 study

A

American and Korean ppts read pro capital punishment essay written by another student

Investigate if cultural differences in different levels of salience

Decide extent which essay corresponded to student real attitude 1-7

57
Q

What are the conditions in Choi and Nesbitts 1998 study

A

No choice condition - student no choice over topic

Exposure condition - told to take a stance making contextual info more salient

Exposure and arguments condition - told write essay stance take and given 2 arguments try and include

58
Q

Results of Choi and Nisbetts 1998 study in American ppts

A

No difference across conditions for American ppts

Equally likely say essay reflected true judgements in all conditions

Not sensitive to contextual info

59
Q

Results of Choi and Nisbetts 1998 study in Korean ppts

A

Reverse findings

Belief own individuals own work goes down as salience increases

60
Q

Why do Choi and Nisbett 1998 believe there is an attenuation of correspondence bias in East Asian Cultures

A

Stronger situationalism

61
Q

Define dispositionalism

A

Mode of thinking
Seen across cultures
Attribute internal characteristics

62
Q

Outline Limitations in cross cultural psychology Oyserman Coon and Kemmelmeiers meta analysis

A

Individualistic-Collectivist differences often assumed without measurement
Over reliance correlational studies
Diversity measures used measure same DV
Lack replication

63
Q

Cross et al 201- issues with self report measures of cross cultural differences

A

2 factor structure IndSC and InterSC not good fit

Cronbachs alpha reliabilities adequate at best

Multiple version Self Construal Scale - how compare if different forms

Face validity questionable - rate in comparison to others know

Reference group effect - variation within culture not necessarily between

64
Q

Cross et al 2011 issues with 20 statements test

A

Researchers rarely provided detailed description coding scheme
Differ in definition and coding InterSC and RelSC
Not assess importance self views
Hard task

65
Q

Outline Voronov and Singer conceptual issue of collectivism and individualism being reductionist labels

A

Whole culture or society pigeon holes in dichotomous categories
Subtle differences and qualitative nuances glossed over
Evoke fixed and caricature like mental impressions
Rather than representative picture of their complexities

66
Q

Outline Güngör et al 2014 study on capital issues and face and honour cultures

A

Interdependent cultures value interpersonal connectedness
But the nature of connection differs

Keeping face cultures - respect others observing norms dictated by position in social hierarchy

Honour cultures - pride based social image, reputation, others evaluation. Interpersonal harmony

67
Q

Outline Güngör et al 2014 study on interpersonal agency

A

Japanese and Turkish sample
Japanese describe agency more terms conformity

Turkish ppts more terms relatedness

Collectivism/individualism distinction glossed over nuances between 2 interdependent cultures

68
Q

Outline Cohen 2009 conceptual issue of their being many different types of culture

A

Religion
SES
Religion within a country
Psychologists need expand definition and measurement beyond individualism-collectivism and IndSC and InterSC

69
Q

Conclusion

A

Cultural differences construction social identity
East Asian ppts process visual info holistically. Attend more to context
East Asian less likely make correspondence bias when importance situational context made salient
Issues conceptualisation and measurement culture

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