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Lecture 3 - Social Cognition and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

Outline what is social cognition

A 
Attitudes 
Perceptions 
Judgements 
Expectations 
Influence beliefs intentions behaviour 
Rational, reasoned decision maker
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2
Q

Define Information processing perspective

A

Assumes act like computer, logical
Cog processes understanding how people construct own social world
Cognitive structures and processes affect and affected social context

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3
Q

Outline a cognitive miser

A

Put as little effort into thinking possible to be more efficient
Short cuts
Help towards:
Cognitive encoding and stereotypes

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4
Q

Outline Categorisation

A

Short cut strategies simplify incoming info
Simplifying perceptions
Grouping - treated similar way
Promotes cognitive economy

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5
Q

Outline the rule based approach of categorisation

A

Every category represented by set necessary and sufficient features

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6
Q

Who created the rule based approach

A

Bruner et al 1956

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7
Q

Outline issues of Categorisation

A

Hard define rules - doesn’t always work (bachelor)

Can disagree - camel as Vehicle?

Doesn’t indicate how well something represents category

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8
Q

What was the Prototypical approach based on

A

Reaction rule based approach

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9
Q

Who created the Prototypical Approach

A

Rosch 1975

Barsalou 1991

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10
Q

Outline the Prototypical approach

A

Similarity. Family matching. Common attributes family members
Members share something in common - not completely identical
Often average but sometimes most extreme
Considered fuzzy sets centring around prototype
Boundaries not clear

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11
Q

Outline Exemplar Approach

A

Specific instances

Does not have to be a good example or representative

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12
Q

Outline associative networks

A

Network linked attributes activated through spreading activation
Different in different contexts
Link key attributes which activated depends context

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13
Q

Define a schema

A 
Top-down 
Organised, specific 
Cognitive representation 
Specify features and relationships 
Generalise time and space dependent individuals personal experience
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14
Q

Define the 3 types of a Schema

A

Person schema

Role schema

Scripts schema

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15
Q

Define a Person Schema

A

Individualised or generalised stereotypes

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16
Q

Define a Role schema

A

How someone in particular role should behave

E.g. a lecturer

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17
Q

Outline a Script Schema

A

Schemas about events

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18
Q

What happens when a schema is activated

A

Schemas influence information processing inference
Conceptually driven processing
Implicitly activated, affect judgement and behaviour
Guide how we encode (attend, interpret) remember and respond (judge and interact)

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19
Q

How do we know which schema is activated

A

Which schema activated driven by salience, relevance and personal importance

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20
Q

Outline Bargh, Chen and Burrows 1996 study on automaticity and subliminal priming of old age stereotypes

A

Ppts unscramble sentences
Experimental condition: contained words specifically relevant old people
2nd experimenter blind conditions and timed how long ppts afterwards walked down corridor

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21
Q

Outline RESULTS Bargh, Chen and Burrows 1996 study on automaticity and subliminal priming of old age stereotypes

A

Those primed old age stereotypes walked more slowly down corridor compared neutral primed ppts
People behave according primed schema

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22
Q

Outline a cognitive miser

A

Social perception as problem solving task
Cognitive laziness
Rely heuristics decision making and interpersonal perception
Process salient info - standard out
Result mistakes and biases

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23
Q

Who investigated heuristics

A

Tversky and Kahneman 1974

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24
Q

Name the 3 heuristics outlines by Tversky and Kahneman 1974

A

Availability

Representativeness

Anchoring and Adjustment

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25
Outline Availability Heuristic in Tversky and Kahneman 1974
Judging frequency of event based number instances brought to mind that event How easy it is to come to mind
26
Outline Representativeness Heuristic in Tversky and Kahneman 1974
Whether person is example of particular stored schema E.g. stereotype Make judgement based previous example
27
Outline Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic in Tversky and Kahneman 1974
Using info about initial standard or schemas Why sales assistant show most expensive thing in shop Show most expensive thing more likely spend more money
28
Define attribution by Hogg and Vaughan 2005
Process assigning causes for own behaviour to that of others
29
Outline Casual Attribution
Naive scientists - Heider 1958 How people think about others - common sense Inferring causes from observable behaviour or other info. Predict and control. Dispositional (internal) - stable. Enduring characteristics Situations (external) - changeable
30
Who created the co variation model
Kelley’s 1967
31
What is the most dominant attribution theory
Co- variation model
32
Outline Kelley’s 1967 co variation model
Treat people scientists, people look co varying behaviour Most influential Decide whether internal or external cause
33
What are the 3 key questions of Kelley’s covariation model
Does the person regularly behave this way in this situation? Consistency. Do other people regularly behave this way in this situation? Consensus Does this person behave this way in other situations? Distinctiveness
34
What are the 3 key words of Kelley’s Covariation Model 1967
Consistency Consensus Distinctiveness
35
Outline limitations of Kelley’s 1967 covariation model
``` Availability info - lab vs life Need multiple observations Underuse consensus info False consensus bias Time and motivation ```
36
Define how false consensus bias is an issue according to Ross et al 1977 for Kelley’s Covariation Model
Tendency believe others behave like us Asked students if they would advertise local sandwich shop huge advertisement board Asked if believed others do same Belief in others consistent with own behaviour
37
Outline limitation of Kelley’s Covariation Model according to Allow and Tabachnik 1984 and Hilton 1988
People poor assessing Covariation - Alloy and Tabachnik 1984 Covariation NOT causation - Hilton 1988
38
What bias is fundamental attribution error associated with
Correspondence bias | Jones and Harris 1967
39
Define Fundamental Attribution Error
Overestimate dispositional and underestimate situation factors Salience of actor and differential forgetting over time Like believe we have control Just world hypothesis - people gets what’s coming to them
40
Who investigates Actor observer effect
Jones and Nisbett 1972
41
Outline Actor Observer Effect Jones and Nisbett 1972
Tendency make dispositional attributions for others | Situational attributions for ourselves
42
Why does the Actor Observer Effect Jones and Nisbett 1972
Differences salience, historical info about actor and reversed by perspective taking
43
Who investigated attributions of blame and forgiveness and differences in victims and transgressors
Adams and Insei 2016
44
Outline Adams and Insei 2016 victims vs transgressors study
Ppts offered choice tasks. Ppts choice attractive task means next ppt has to complete boring task. Ppt would choose desirable task not realising consequences Subsequent ppt knows initial ppt choice resulted
45
Outline RESULTS Adams and Insei 2016 victims vs transgressors study
Victims believe transgression intentional Believe transgressors feel less guilty than actually do Underestimate how much transgressors want to be forgiven Perspective taking - victim take perspective transgressor reduce effects
46
Outline who investigated self serving bias .
Miller and Ross 1975
47
Define Self Serving Bias Miller and Ross 1975
Tendency take credit Dispositional attributions for success, situational attributions for failure Projects self esteem Cognitive - focus own efforts and info
48
Outline Ethnocentrism In-group serving bias
Positive ingroup or negative outgroup behaviour = dispositional Negative ingroup and positive outgroup = situational
49
Why does Ethnocentrism In-group serving bias occur
Cognitive = activate schemas and don't think further. Cognitive misers not look for anything else Motivational = social identity theory Tajfel and Turner 1979. Motivated see groups extensions ourselves positively
50
Define Public Perceptions
Measure public feelings don't necessarily correspond to reality. Public perceptions often differ from those expected. Different groups take into account different factors.
51
Outline Public Perceptions and Nuclear Power
Experts rate risks from nuclear power much lower than members public
52
Outline the Public Deficit Model
Deficit knowledge about topic People don't understand and fall back on irrational beliefs People knew more they would change their mind
53
Outline the study by Evans and Durrant 1995 into Public Deficit Model
Public understanding science and support/attitudes for scientific research Different pattern within specific areas
54
Outline the correlation between knowledge and positive attitudes in Evans and Durrant 1995
Knowledge correlates positively with general attitudes moderately .3
55
Outline the different patterns within specific areas by Evans and Durrant 1995
Useful - socially relevant and practical Non-useful - intrinsic interest not necessarily useful Moral issues
56
Outline the correlations identified by Evans and Durrant 1995 for basic research
Significant correlation between knowledge and attitudes for useful basic research .20
57
Outline the correlations identified by Evans and Durrant 1995 for non-useful research and morally contentious research
Almost no relation between knowledge nd attitudes for non-useful research .05 Negative associations for morally contentious research -.27
58
Outline the levels of knowledge correlation with research
Highest levels knowledge positive attitudes towards useful research, less positive towards morally contentious Scientifically informed more discriminating in their judgements
59
Outline Wynne 1999 proponents and opponents
Proponents and opponents usually value different domains knowledge Social trust (lack of) outweighs importance knowledge Methods and processes science be questioned Institutions be questioned
60
Outline Public Perceptions Upstream Engagement by Pidgeon and Rogers-Hayden 2007
Dialogue and deliberation amongst affected parties about potentially controversial technological issue at early stage research and development process and in advance significant applications or social controversy. Feeding into policy early more likely be up-taking
61
Outline Public Perceptions Upstream Engagement
Data feeds into policy and industry decisions - products and policies that are more likely succeed Engagement and empowerment - public dialogue includes people in decision - subsequently more likely support and engage with activity
62
Outline Risk Perceptions by British Medical Journey 2003
1 in 85 death road over 50yrs driving 1 in 50,000 death football 1 in 100,000 death murder 1 in 10,000,000 chance death nuclear power
63
Outline the 4 public risk perception factors
Voluntariness - more acceptable if voluntary Controllability - acceptable if controllable Natural vs Manmade - acceptable if natural Familiarity - acceptable if familiar
64
What does Slovic 1987 state
Psychometric paradigm | Create cognitive maps risk perceptions
65
Outline Slovic 1987 2 dimensions
Dread: uncontrollable, involuntary Unknown: unobservable, delayed effects
66
What is the 3rd factor sometimes been identified
Number people exposed risk
67
What are the correlations identified by Slovic 1987
Dread risk correlated with overall perceived risk | Risks both unknown and dreaded have high signal potential
68
Outline what a signal potential is by Slovic 1987
Idea risk occurring would have further impacts beyond immediate shocks More likely discussed media and have impact on society
69
Outline Perceived risks and benefits
Distinct benefits different from risks | PERCEIVED risks and benefits often negatively correlated
70
Outline Finucane et al 2000 Affect Heuristic
Judgements risk and benefit theorised stem from overall affective feeling about behaviour Justify benefits and risks accordingly
71
What are the 4 factors of Psychological Distance
``` Uncertainty Social Distance Temporal Distance Geographic Distance All interrelated ```
72
What theory did Liberman and Trope 2008 come up with
Construal Level Theory How you think about something
73
Outline being psychologically close according to the Construal Level Theory Lieberman and Trope 2008
Low level construal Concrete, unstructured Contextualised HOW
74
Outline being psychologically distant according to the Construal Level Theory Lieberman and Trope 2008
High level construal Abstract, schematic Decontextualised WHY
75
Example of Construal Level Theory in everyday life
Booking holiday Think why to do But as holiday comes closer begin think practically e.g. how getting airport
76
Outline Evolution in Construal Level Theory
Development human capacity for abstract mental representation Commonality way psychological distance traversed Guide predictions, evaluations and planning Considering distance e.g. thinking future, taking another perspective, activates same neural substrates. Common processes work
77
Outline Bar-Anan et al 2007 as Automatic processing of Psychological distance
Picture-word stroop task. Had decide if arrow was close or far away and ignore words on it If concept related to distance and action ppt make facilitate performance as action already partially activated Activated automatic
78
Outline Stephan et al 2006 study on manipulating one aspect of distance can influence other aspects distance
Imagine meeting new roommate tomorrow or in 6 months More familiar if tomorrow Manipulating temporal distance but affecting social distance
79
Outline Psychological Distance and Climate Change study by Spence et al 2012
Geographical distance - affecting both local and distant | Social distance - disproportionate effects developing countries
80
Outline the relationship between geography and psychology distance by Spence et al 2012
Lower psychological distance related greater concerns climate change Higher geographical distance more perceived psychological, social distance Lower psychological distance and higher concerns related greater intentions reduce energy use
81
Outline the implications of Spence et al 2012
Objects considered at distance considered more abstract terms and formed fewer groups Psychological distance promotes more abstract thinking More confident events distant future High level construals allow transcendence of here and now
82
Outline desirability concerns of implications
Desirability concerns should be valued more with distance | Desirability concerns high level construal whereas feasibility concerns low level construal
83
Links to attribution
Third person perspective --> dispositional First person perspective --> situational
84
Links to intergroup behaviours
Outgroups described more abstract terms and in terms more enduring characteristics

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