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Lecture 1 - Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What is social psychology

A

How perceptions and behaviour influenced by others

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2
Q

Outline Allport 1935 definition of social psychology

A

Scientific investigation thoughts feelings behaviours influenced presence others

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3
Q

What is human behaviour

A

Overt e.g. driving, fighting

More subtle e.g. non-verbal

Meaning attached behaviour matter perspective

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4
Q

Outline social behaviour

A

Feelings thoughts beliefs attitudes intentions and goals

Underlying processes —> cognitive processes —> neuro chemical processes

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5
Q

Outline Folk Psychology historical social psychological trends

A

1800s
Collective mind
Societal way thinking and group mind

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6
Q

Outline Tarde 1898 Psychology historical social psychological trends

A

Bottom-up

Individual

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7
Q

Outline Durkheim Psychology historical social psychological trends

A

Social laws determined society, collective

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8
Q

Outline Allport 1924 Psychology historical social psychological trends

A

Experimental social psychology

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9
Q

Why is the US seen as a leader in the field of psychology

A

Political drivers - racism in Europe

European centres re-establishes - Cold War

European focus on groups and inter group behaviour

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10
Q

What are the two main strands of social psychology

A

Continuum

Psychological (behavioural)

Sociological (social)

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11
Q

Outline the Psychological (behavioural) strand

A 
Logical empiricism 
Social cognition 
Quantitative 
Hypothetical deductive e.g. experimental 
Top-down
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12
Q

Outline the Sociological (social) strand

A 
Constructionist 
Humanistic
Language 
Culture 
Qualitative
Inductive e.g. discourse analysis 
Bottom-up
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13
Q

Outline Shove 2010 disciplinary dispute on Social psychology

A

ABC = Attitudes, Behaviours, Choices

Social over simplification, rid of complexity, ignoring key features
Models and concepts social change restrictive - focus individuals and behavioural choices

Ignores context

Policy makers no guidance policy

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14
Q

Outline Whitmarsh, O’Neill and Lorenzoni 2010 response to Shove 2010

A

Is overly simplistic portrayal social psychological models

Separating disciplinary perspective unhelpful

Not useful for practical solutions

Individuals be part of solution alongside policy and social change

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15
Q

What does logical empiricism focus on

A

Scientific methodology

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16
Q

What is a key critique of social psychology of what it ignores

A

Context

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17
Q

Outline Methodological issues of social psychology

A

Factors cause behaviour. Scientific methods study

Hypothesises formed theory, observations social phenomenon or event

Poetical test can falsify not prove

Methodological pluralism - minimises possibility finding an artefact of method

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18
Q

Outline social psychological methods of a lab

A

Experimental. Manipulation IV examining impacts DV
Low external validity, reduce complexity
High internal validity
Careful minimisation demand characteristics
Avoidance confounding variables
Random assignment ppts

19
Q

Outline social psychological methods of experiments online

A

Risk increased error and unknown variables

Data often cleaned

20
Q

Outline social psychological methods of a field experiment/study

A

Experiment - manipulate IV in real world

Study - no IV manipulation, observed differences

Less control. Random assignment difficult

Difficult observe without influencing, prone experimental bias

21
Q

Outline social psychological methods of a survey research

A

Questionnaire, structured interview
Response set - purposeful or unintentional social desirability bias
Generalisation good
Careful interpretation needed

22
Q

Outline what makes critical thinking

A 
Alternative explanations 
Control/complexity, demand characteristics 
Context - moderator variables 
Overly focused individuals or groups 
Are processes understood 
Generalisable
23
Q

Outline Research ethics

A

BPS ethics guidelines 2014
Risk - harmful procedures, long term effects
Valid consent - written consent, withdraw any point
Rewards appropriate - induce behaviours and taking part
Hawthorne effect - observer effect
Confidentiality - anonymity, reporting, destruction data

24
Q

Outline Metatheory of Behaviourism

A

Behaviour associated positive situations or outcomes is increased
CC and OC

25
Outline Metatheory of Neo-behaviourism
Rather focusing solely on studying behaviour intervening constructs that are not observable are important E.g. beliefs, feelings, motives Social modelling - Bandura 1977, imitate behaviour reinforced in others Exaggerate event which people passive situation
26
Outline Metatheory of cognitive psychology
Actively interpret and change our environment through thinking, cognitive processes and representations
27
Outline Metatheory of gestalt theory
Koffka 1935 | Perception is different from what it actually is
28
Outline Metatheory of social cognition
Dominant How cognitive processes and representations are constructed and influence behaviour E.g. attitudes, dual process models, schemes
29
Outline Metatheory of evolutionary social psychology
Behaviour based ancestral past human development Darwinian theory Useful traits are adaptations developed through natural selection Same for complex social behaviour: survival value E.g. cooperative aggression passed on
30
Outline the Metatheory of Personality and Individualistic
Behaviour depending on enduring individual differences and characteristics Behave differently in different situations
31
Outline Metatheory of Collectivism
People internally represent socially constructed group norms influence behaviour Top-down
32
Outline Metatheory of Neuroscience and Biochemistry
Psychological processes happen in brain must be associated electro chemical brain activity Correlates social behaviour = social neuroscience Fmri detect and locate brain activity relevant to social processing
33
Outline crises and challenges of meta theories
Differences within and between other disciplines affecting trends and research As a science crisis 60s/70s overly reductionist and positivistic Recently fraudulent data. Methodological practices
34
Outline Reductionism
Reduces complexity Overly low level analysis Leave question unanswered Must return to problem to be useful
35
What does Doise 1986 suggests about Reductionism
Accept existence different levels explanation but must focus on constructing theories that formally integrate concepts from different levels
36
Outline Positivism and Science as a religion
Non criticism acceptance scientific method Study humans biased cannot be objective Devalues and ignore subjective and introspective data Employ rigorous scientific methods and theorising Operational definitions - defining to allow measurement and retesting
37
Outline how Psychology and Science can be seen as common sense
Focus real world question Increased public understanding Generate testable hypothesis Hindsight bias - see given outcome obvious once actual outcome known
38
Outline recent trend of Fraudulent data Stapel and Smeesters
Fabrication Omission Invalid procedures - decide rules and methods of data handling previous to testing, agreed in previous literature Data snooping - do not end data collect prior to collecting target sample Cherry picking - don’t report on data doesn’t support hypothesis. File drawer effect Harking - hypothesising after results known
39
Why does fraudulent data occur
Benefits outweigh risks Overburdened reviewers Positive publication bias
40
Outline the community response to Fraudulent data
``` Open access Data sharing Pre register studies Replication Statistical developments - detect fraudulent data ```
41
Issues with data sharing
Costly in time | Depositing anonymised data sets in shared repositories
42
Issues with ore registered studies
Indicate analysis in advance Centre for open science Time consuming Still relies honest reporting
43
Outline critical thinking in psychology
Not take all at face value - question theories and empirical data Evaluate, weigh and consider counter arguments Different theories contradict and challenge one another Assumptions and interpretations data based existing fundamental perspectives Overwhelming counter evidence we see paradigm shifts

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