Lecture 5 (Motor Control & Motor Learning) Flashcards
Motor control definition
the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement
What are the two control strategies of motor control?
feed-forward strategy and feed-back strategy
Movement emerges from the interaction of what 3 factors?
1) individual
2) task
3) environment
What are the three things to consider when it comes to an individual (think of venn diagram thingy)?
perception, cognition, and action
What is the degrees of freedom problem?
choosing among equivalent solutions and then coordinating the many muscles and joints involved in a movement
Perception definition
integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information
What are 5 cognitive processes included in motor control?
attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects
What is single vs dual task control?
A single task is with no outside stimulus (done in a vacuum) while dual task control is a more real life scenarios where there are more than one stimulus
What are examples of tasks that fall under the classification of functional categories?
bed mobility tasks, transfer tasks, walking and ADLs
What is an example of a discrete movement? Continuous?
A discrete task is throwing a ball and a continuous task is walking, running, swimming
What is a discrete task?
definite beginning and end
What is a continuous task?
no recognizable beginning and end points, end point is not an inherent characteristic of task
open movement definition and example
constantly changing or unpredictable environments; example: dribbling a soccer ball or driving in traffic
closed movement definition and example
relatively fixed, predictable environment; diving into a pool or swinging a golf club
What is a regulatory environment? Example?
movement must conform to regulatory features in order to achieve the goal of the task; examples: different sized cups require different grasping patterns, walking on an uneven grassy surface impacts the gait pattern differently than walking on smooth floor
What is a non-regulatory environment? Example?
movement does not have to conform to these features because they may or may not affect movement; examples: background noise, or lighting
What are the two classifications of the environment? (think venn diagram)
regulatory and non-regulatory
Reflex theory
motor control works based on reflexes from the central nervous system
Hierarchial control theory
more components that just the central nervous system; higher levels of nervous system activate lower levels then in turn lower levels activate synergies (group of muscles constrained to act together as a unit to solve the degree of freedom problem)
Systems theory: movements emerge from the interplay between ___________(three things) in the initial conditions
the body system, external force, and variations
What is the main difference between the dynamic systems theory and the systems theory?
the dynamic systems theory is de-emphasizing the notion of commands from the CNS in controlling movement and seeking physical explanations
T/F Variability is considered to be the result of error under the dynamic systems theory
False; variability is considered to be a necessary condition of optimal function
Too much variability can lead to what?
impaired movement performance (ataxia)
Too little variability can lead to what?
injury (repetitive muscle strain)
A small amount of variability indicates what?
a highly stable behavior or a preferred pattern, viewed as attractor state
T/F in regards to an attractor well: the deeper the well, the harder it is to change preferred pattern, suggesting a stable movement pattern
True
Which theory of motor control is best?
Not one that is the best
motor learning early definition
study of the acquisition and / or modification of movement
What are the four concepts of motor learning?
1) learning is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
2) learning results from experience or practice
3) leaning cannot be measured directly, referred from behavioral changes
4) leaning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior
performance definition
temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice
learning definition
relatively permanent change in behavior and involved in skill retention
Closed loop theory refers to control achieved by ____________
feedback
What is an example of 4 teaching strategies that a therapist could use to accomplish therapeutic goals?
instruction, feedback, practice, and motivation
open loop theory means there is ________________ of a moving object
no position feedback
What are the three stages of fitts and posner’s three stage model?
cognitive stage, associative stage, autonomous stage
What are the three stages of the Systems Three-Stage model?
novice stage, advanced stage, and expert stage
What are the two stages of the Gentile Two-Stage Model?
stage one: understand the requirements of the movement
stage two: refine the movement (fixation/ diversification)
The novice stage of the systems three stage model is characterized by what?
“freeze degree of freedom”
The advanced stage of the systems three stage model is characterized by what?
“release additional degree of freedom”; biomechanical constraints and degree of freedom are being refined; muscle synergies used
The expert stage of the systems three stage model is characterized by what?
“release all degree of freedom”; movements are optimally controlled and energy is being used more efficiently
The cognitive stage of the Fitts and Posner three stage model is characterized by what?
“what is it that must be done?”
The associative stage of the Fitts and Posner three stage model is characterized by what?
“how should it be done?”
The autonomous stage of the Fitts and Posner three stage model is characterized by what?
“what presents success”; perfotming skills automatically with low level of attention; ready for dual-task performance
Stage one of the gentile two-stage model is characterized by what?
understanding the goal of the task, developing an appropriate movement strategy (basically preparing for the movements)
Stage two of the gentile two-stage model is characterized by what?
developing the capability of adapting movement to changing task and environmental demands while performing the task consistently and efficiently; fixation and diversification
__________ skills require fixation
closed
___________ skills require diversification
open
What is the acquisition or practice phase of motor learning? Is performance or learning indicated in this phase?
initial fumbling attempts, skills are learned or relearned, indicates “performance”
What is the retention and transfer phase of motor learning? Is performance or learning indicated in this phase?
mastery of a skill, information stored for retrieval and application to novel situations; indicates “learning”
Definition of practice
practice is the continuing and repetitive effort to become proficient in a skill
Should practice be active or passive?
active (initiated by the patient)
What is intrinsic feed back?
feedback from the various sensory systems
What is extrinsic feedback?
feedback from the external resources
what is knowledge of results (KR)?
the outcome of movement; terminal feedback
what is knowledge of performance (KP)?
movement pattern (kinematic feedback); how the person completes movement
Adapting both the principles of _____________ and the _____________ in which skills are practiced are key elements when working with older adults
motor leaning; environment
Where does mental practice occur?
supplementary motor cortex
_____________ (guided / unguided) conditions are less effective for immediate skill acquisition but more effective for transfer
unguided
What are 5 key learning elements for all ages?
environmental considerations, motivation, attention, guidance and instruction, and selection of feedback and practice
T/F: Mental practice is not effective for older adults
false; mental practice is HIGHLY effective for older adults
Ability to learn in older adults is dependent on what 4 items
intelligence, learning skills acquired over the years, flexibility of learning style, and various non-cognitive factors
What is a control parameter under the dynamic systems theory?
a variable that regulates changes changes in the behavior of the entire system (example: velocity; easier doing something slow)
What is the principle of “self-organization” under the dynamic systems theory?
states that when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an ordered way - not need for a higher center issuing commands in order to achieve coordinated action
performance skills that are _________ related tend to demonstrate a noticeable decline in older people
time
massed vs distributed practice
massed: amount of practice time greater than rest between trials
distributed: amount of rest between trials is greater than trial time
constant vs. variable practice
constant: practice skill repeatedly under SAME parameter
variable: practice skill under a VARIETY of parameter settings
random vs blocked learning
random: practice set of motor tasks in random order
blocked: practice motor tasks in fixed order
whole vs part practice
whole: entire movement at once
part: break down task into different components
