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developmental > Lecture 5 (Motor Control & Motor Learning) > Flashcards

Lecture 5 (Motor Control & Motor Learning) Flashcards

1
Q

Motor control definition

A

the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

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2
Q

What are the two control strategies of motor control?

A

feed-forward strategy and feed-back strategy

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3
Q

Movement emerges from the interaction of what 3 factors?

A

1) individual
2) task
3) environment

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4
Q

What are the three things to consider when it comes to an individual (think of venn diagram thingy)?

A

perception, cognition, and action

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5
Q

What is the degrees of freedom problem?

A

choosing among equivalent solutions and then coordinating the many muscles and joints involved in a movement

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6
Q

Perception definition

A

integration of sensory impressions into psychologically meaningful information

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7
Q

What are 5 cognitive processes included in motor control?

A

attention, planning, problem solving, motivation, and emotional aspects

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8
Q

What is single vs dual task control?

A

A single task is with no outside stimulus (done in a vacuum) while dual task control is a more real life scenarios where there are more than one stimulus

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9
Q

What are examples of tasks that fall under the classification of functional categories?

A

bed mobility tasks, transfer tasks, walking and ADLs

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10
Q

What is an example of a discrete movement? Continuous?

A

A discrete task is throwing a ball and a continuous task is walking, running, swimming

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11
Q

What is a discrete task?

A

definite beginning and end

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12
Q

What is a continuous task?

A

no recognizable beginning and end points, end point is not an inherent characteristic of task

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13
Q

open movement definition and example

A

constantly changing or unpredictable environments; example: dribbling a soccer ball or driving in traffic

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14
Q

closed movement definition and example

A

relatively fixed, predictable environment; diving into a pool or swinging a golf club

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15
Q

What is a regulatory environment? Example?

A

movement must conform to regulatory features in order to achieve the goal of the task; examples: different sized cups require different grasping patterns, walking on an uneven grassy surface impacts the gait pattern differently than walking on smooth floor

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16
Q

What is a non-regulatory environment? Example?

A

movement does not have to conform to these features because they may or may not affect movement; examples: background noise, or lighting

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17
Q

What are the two classifications of the environment? (think venn diagram)

A

regulatory and non-regulatory

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18
Q

Reflex theory

A

motor control works based on reflexes from the central nervous system

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19
Q

Hierarchial control theory

A

more components that just the central nervous system; higher levels of nervous system activate lower levels then in turn lower levels activate synergies (group of muscles constrained to act together as a unit to solve the degree of freedom problem)

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20
Q

Systems theory: movements emerge from the interplay between ___________(three things) in the initial conditions

A

the body system, external force, and variations

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21
Q

What is the main difference between the dynamic systems theory and the systems theory?

A

the dynamic systems theory is de-emphasizing the notion of commands from the CNS in controlling movement and seeking physical explanations

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22
Q

T/F Variability is considered to be the result of error under the dynamic systems theory

A

False; variability is considered to be a necessary condition of optimal function

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23
Q

Too much variability can lead to what?

A

impaired movement performance (ataxia)

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24
Q

Too little variability can lead to what?

A

injury (repetitive muscle strain)

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25
Q

A small amount of variability indicates what?

A

a highly stable behavior or a preferred pattern, viewed as attractor state

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26
Q

T/F in regards to an attractor well: the deeper the well, the harder it is to change preferred pattern, suggesting a stable movement pattern

A

True

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27
Q

Which theory of motor control is best?

A

Not one that is the best

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28
Q

motor learning early definition

A

study of the acquisition and / or modification of movement

29
Q

What are the four concepts of motor learning?

A

1) learning is a process of acquiring the capability for skilled action
2) learning results from experience or practice
3) leaning cannot be measured directly, referred from behavioral changes
4) leaning produces relatively permanent changes in behavior

29
Q

performance definition

A

temporary change in motor behavior observed during practice

29
Q

learning definition

A

relatively permanent change in behavior and involved in skill retention

30
Q

Closed loop theory refers to control achieved by ____________

A

feedback

30
Q

What is an example of 4 teaching strategies that a therapist could use to accomplish therapeutic goals?

A

instruction, feedback, practice, and motivation

31
Q

open loop theory means there is ________________ of a moving object

A

no position feedback

32
Q

What are the three stages of fitts and posner’s three stage model?

A

cognitive stage, associative stage, autonomous stage

33
Q

What are the three stages of the Systems Three-Stage model?

A

novice stage, advanced stage, and expert stage

34
Q

What are the two stages of the Gentile Two-Stage Model?

A

stage one: understand the requirements of the movement
stage two: refine the movement (fixation/ diversification)

35
Q

The novice stage of the systems three stage model is characterized by what?

A

“freeze degree of freedom”

36
Q

The advanced stage of the systems three stage model is characterized by what?

A

“release additional degree of freedom”; biomechanical constraints and degree of freedom are being refined; muscle synergies used

37
Q

The expert stage of the systems three stage model is characterized by what?

A

“release all degree of freedom”; movements are optimally controlled and energy is being used more efficiently

38
Q

The cognitive stage of the Fitts and Posner three stage model is characterized by what?

A

“what is it that must be done?”

39
Q

The associative stage of the Fitts and Posner three stage model is characterized by what?

A

“how should it be done?”

40
Q

The autonomous stage of the Fitts and Posner three stage model is characterized by what?

A

“what presents success”; perfotming skills automatically with low level of attention; ready for dual-task performance

41
Q

Stage one of the gentile two-stage model is characterized by what?

A

understanding the goal of the task, developing an appropriate movement strategy (basically preparing for the movements)

42
Q

Stage two of the gentile two-stage model is characterized by what?

A

developing the capability of adapting movement to changing task and environmental demands while performing the task consistently and efficiently; fixation and diversification

43
Q

__________ skills require fixation

A

closed

44
Q

___________ skills require diversification

A

open

45
Q

What is the acquisition or practice phase of motor learning? Is performance or learning indicated in this phase?

A

initial fumbling attempts, skills are learned or relearned, indicates “performance”

46
Q

What is the retention and transfer phase of motor learning? Is performance or learning indicated in this phase?

A

mastery of a skill, information stored for retrieval and application to novel situations; indicates “learning”

47
Q

Definition of practice

A

practice is the continuing and repetitive effort to become proficient in a skill

48
Q

Should practice be active or passive?

A

active (initiated by the patient)

49
Q

What is intrinsic feed back?

A

feedback from the various sensory systems

50
Q

What is extrinsic feedback?

A

feedback from the external resources

51
Q

what is knowledge of results (KR)?

A

the outcome of movement; terminal feedback

52
Q

what is knowledge of performance (KP)?

A

movement pattern (kinematic feedback); how the person completes movement

53
Q

Adapting both the principles of _____________ and the _____________ in which skills are practiced are key elements when working with older adults

A

motor leaning; environment

54
Q

Where does mental practice occur?

A

supplementary motor cortex

55
Q

_____________ (guided / unguided) conditions are less effective for immediate skill acquisition but more effective for transfer

A

unguided

56
Q

What are 5 key learning elements for all ages?

A

environmental considerations, motivation, attention, guidance and instruction, and selection of feedback and practice

57
Q

T/F: Mental practice is not effective for older adults

A

false; mental practice is HIGHLY effective for older adults

58
Q

Ability to learn in older adults is dependent on what 4 items

A

intelligence, learning skills acquired over the years, flexibility of learning style, and various non-cognitive factors

59
Q

What is a control parameter under the dynamic systems theory?

A

a variable that regulates changes changes in the behavior of the entire system (example: velocity; easier doing something slow)

60
Q

What is the principle of “self-organization” under the dynamic systems theory?

A

states that when a system of individual parts comes together, its elements behave collectively in an ordered way - not need for a higher center issuing commands in order to achieve coordinated action

61
Q

performance skills that are _________ related tend to demonstrate a noticeable decline in older people

A

time

62
Q

massed vs distributed practice

A

massed: amount of practice time greater than rest between trials
distributed: amount of rest between trials is greater than trial time

63
Q

constant vs. variable practice

A

constant: practice skill repeatedly under SAME parameter
variable: practice skill under a VARIETY of parameter settings

64
Q

random vs blocked learning

A

random: practice set of motor tasks in random order
blocked: practice motor tasks in fixed order

65
Q

whole vs part practice

A

whole: entire movement at once
part: break down task into different components

developmental (9 decks)

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