Lecture 4 (Cardiopulmonary System) Flashcards
What are the components of the cardiovascular system?
heart, vasculature, and blood
What are the three types of vessels?
arteries, veins, capillaries
Pulmonary artery carries ________ (oxygenated/ deoxygenated blood)
deoxygenated
pulmonary veins carries __________ (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood
oxygenated
vasculogenesis and when does it occur?
formation of arteries and veins; ONLY during embryonic development
angiogenesis and when does it occur?
formation of vascular branches from existing blood vessels; during embryonic development AND throughout life (during healing)
What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?
tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima
What is an example of a large artery?
aaorta, left common carotid artery
What are the three classes of veins?
large veins, medium small veins, and venules
sympathetic nervous system
increase HR and cause vasoconstriction
parasympathtic nervous system
decrease HR and cause vasodilation
What are the two types of receptors?
baroreceptors and chemoreceptors
where are baroreceptors located and what does it detect?
aorta and carotid sinus; detect changes in BP
where are chemoreceptors located and what does it detect?
aorta and carotid body; detects changes in pH and O2
when does heart develop?
3 weeks after conception
when do we hear a heart beat during pregnancy?
4 weeks
when does the heart form into a 4-chamber structure (septation)?
7 weeks
where is the baby getting oxygen and nutrients during pregnancy?
the placenta
shunting systems
small passages for blood to travel through in order to bypass body parts that are not yet developed
what are the three main shunting systems to bypass lungs?
foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus
what percent of live births have a congenital heart disease?
1%
What is the leading non-infectious cause of death in 1st year of life?
congenital heart disease
When does the left side of the heart become predominant?
as they grow up during infancy and childhood
in children / infants heart is initially oriented __________ (horizontally / vertically)
horizontally
T/F the number of myocytes increase in childhood
False; increase in myofibrils, increase in force production (contraction of myocyte)
What happens to the following during infancy and childhood?: blood volume, stroke volume, heart rate, and blood pressure
Blood volume: increases
Stroke Volume: increases
Blood pressure: increase
Heart rate: decreases
What happens to the vessels in aging (common theme in systems)?
thicker, stiffer, and less flexible
What is the leading cause of deaths in adults?
Heart disease
What are the components of the pulmonary system?
lungs, airways, blood vessels, and thorax
What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?
gas exchange
What are the two zones of the pulmonary system and what parts are included in each?
1) conducting zone (passageway for air to travel): nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and brinchioles
2) respiratory zone (gas exchange): respiratory bronchiles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
Where is the center in the brain that controls respiration?
medulla oblongata and pons
What does each autonomic nervous system do to the bronchials (dialation / constriction)? which increases and which decreases respiration rate?
sympathetic nervous system: bronchial dilation and increased respiratory rate
parasympathetic nervous system: bronchial constriction and decrease
What are the receptors in the pulmonary system and what do they detect?
1) chemoreceptors; detect changes in blood pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
2) stretch receptors
What are the main muscles of ventilation?
intercostal muscles and diaphragm
What muscles are used during active breathing (not QL)?
internal intercostals and abdominals
What are the accessory muscles of breathing?
sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis major
As the left ventricle grows during adolescence the stroke volume (increases / decreases)?
increases
tidal volume
amount of air inhaled or exhaled at rest with each breath
residual volume
amount of air remaining in the lungs following expiration
minute ventilation
total volume of air inspired and expired in one minute
Are the ventilatory muscles fully developed at birth?
No!
Following the achievement of sitting what happens to pulmonary structures: (4 things)
1) ribs become angles
2) diaphragm becomes dome
3) venitilatory muscles get stronger
4) increased efficiency of breathing
when is the sufactant produced?
24 weeks
Are the airways smaller or larger in children?
smaller!!
What happens to proximal airways and vasculature in adolescence?
Both are increased
when are the smooth muscles in arterial walls of alveoli fully developed?
19 years old
When are functional impairments evident in the pulmonary system? Which decade
7th decade
How does the body respond to age-related changes?
increasing the breathing rate in order to increase minute ventilation!!
when in neonatal development does the respiratory zones become viable?
26-28 weeks (7 months)
what 3 measures reflect the efficiency of the cardiopulmonary system?
cardiac output, minute ventilation, and maximal aerobic capacity
cardiac output
efficiency of cardiovascular system (stroke volume x HR = cardiac output)
minute ventilation
efficiency of pulmonary system (tidal volume x respiratory rate = minute ventilation)
maximal aerobic capacity
maximal ability of an individual’s body to transport and use oxygen for energy production
T/F the heart rate in an adult is typically higher than that of a newborn
FALSE!!!
T/F the total lung volume decreases in old age
False; lung volume does not change
What are 2 changes in the lungs that occur in aging
decreased compliance and elasticity AND
decrease in vital capacity and increase in residual volume (more air left behind)
What are 4 changes in the thoracic wall and muscular changes that occur in aging? What is the result of these changes?
1) decreased joint mobility
2) decreased expansion of chest wall
3) decreased strength and endurance of inspiratory muscles
4) altered length-tension relationship of muscles
LEADS TO: increased work of breathing (quiz)
Gas exchange ___________ (increases /decreases) in adolescence
increases
Which two things increase in adolescence?
1) size of airways and vasculature
2) alveolar size, elastic fibers in alveolar walls, and capillaries to alveoli
There is an increase in number of alveoli and pulmonary vascularization until age _______
8
There is an increased risk of respiratory infections until age ______ to ______
6-8 years
What is a capillary?
the connection between arteries and veins to allow for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste
Blood flow through heart beginning with deoxygenated blood from body traveling into R atrium:
1) from R atrium through tricuspid valve to R ventricle
2) through pulmonary artery to lungs
3) oxygenated blood through pulmonary vein to L atrium
4) through mitral valve into L ventricle
5) through aorta out to body
When does vasculature development occur?
3-4 weeks after conception
What are the three classes of arteries?
large elastic arteries, medium muscular arteries, and small arteries and arterioles
Which arterial layer are the large elastic and medium muscular arteries located in?
tunica media
What is an example of a medium muscular artery?
femoral artery or axillary artery
Are there one-way valves or two-way valves present in veins?
one-way valves
Where are the one-way valves of veins typically located?
veins inferior to the heart to help facilitate blood flow towards the heart
For the following shunts please list the new structure that they form:
1) foramen ovale
2) ductus arteriosus
3) umbilical vein
4) ductus venosus
5) umbilical arteries
1) foramen ovale -> fossa ovalis
2) ductus arteriosus -> ligamentum arteriosum
3) umbilical vein ->ligamentum teres
4) ductus venosus -> ligamentum venosum
5) umbilical arteries -> lateral umbilical ligaments
T/F: there is a decrease in vascularization from birth to adulthood
False; there is an increase in vascularization (at birth 1 vessel for every 6 muscle fibers and in adulthood 1:1 ratio)
What are the newborn levels of Hb?
20g/100mL
Which has more Hb present in their blood?: a fetus or an infant
a fetus; more Hb and less O2 saturation
As body weight _________ (increases/decreases), blood pressure __________ (increases/decreases)
increases; increases
In older adults there is a decrease in HR due to a decrease in the number of _______________
pacemaker cells in sinoatrial (SA) node
In older adults there is a _____________ (increase / decrease) in number of myocytes, but ____________ (increase / decrease) in heart size
decrease; increase
In older age, the ________ (right / left) ventricular wall becomes thicker which causes the stroke volume to ___________ (increase / decrease)
Left ; decreased
When does pulmonary development begin?
4-8 weeks of gestation (differentiation of trachea and bronchi, long buds form, and bronchi begin to form in lungs)
At birth the orientation of the rib cage is ___________
horizontal
