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developmental > Lecture 4 (Cardiopulmonary System) > Flashcards

Lecture 4 (Cardiopulmonary System) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the cardiovascular system?

A

heart, vasculature, and blood

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2
Q

What are the three types of vessels?

A

arteries, veins, capillaries

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3
Q

Pulmonary artery carries ________ (oxygenated/ deoxygenated blood)

A

deoxygenated

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4
Q

pulmonary veins carries __________ (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood

A

oxygenated

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5
Q

vasculogenesis and when does it occur?

A

formation of arteries and veins; ONLY during embryonic development

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6
Q

angiogenesis and when does it occur?

A

formation of vascular branches from existing blood vessels; during embryonic development AND throughout life (during healing)

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7
Q

What are the 3 layers of blood vessels?

A

tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima

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8
Q

What is an example of a large artery?

A

aaorta, left common carotid artery

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9
Q

What are the three classes of veins?

A

large veins, medium small veins, and venules

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10
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

increase HR and cause vasoconstriction

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11
Q

parasympathtic nervous system

A

decrease HR and cause vasodilation

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12
Q

What are the two types of receptors?

A

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

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13
Q

where are baroreceptors located and what does it detect?

A

aorta and carotid sinus; detect changes in BP

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14
Q

where are chemoreceptors located and what does it detect?

A

aorta and carotid body; detects changes in pH and O2

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15
Q

when does heart develop?

A

3 weeks after conception

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16
Q

when do we hear a heart beat during pregnancy?

A

4 weeks

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17
Q

when does the heart form into a 4-chamber structure (septation)?

A

7 weeks

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18
Q

where is the baby getting oxygen and nutrients during pregnancy?

A

the placenta

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19
Q

shunting systems

A

small passages for blood to travel through in order to bypass body parts that are not yet developed

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20
Q

what are the three main shunting systems to bypass lungs?

A

foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus

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21
Q

what percent of live births have a congenital heart disease?

A

1%

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22
Q

What is the leading non-infectious cause of death in 1st year of life?

A

congenital heart disease

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23
Q

When does the left side of the heart become predominant?

A

as they grow up during infancy and childhood

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24
Q

in children / infants heart is initially oriented __________ (horizontally / vertically)

A

horizontally

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25
Q

T/F the number of myocytes increase in childhood

A

False; increase in myofibrils, increase in force production (contraction of myocyte)

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26
Q

What happens to the following during infancy and childhood?: blood volume, stroke volume, heart rate, and blood pressure

A

Blood volume: increases
Stroke Volume: increases
Blood pressure: increase
Heart rate: decreases

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27
Q

What happens to the vessels in aging (common theme in systems)?

A

thicker, stiffer, and less flexible

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28
Q

What is the leading cause of deaths in adults?

A

Heart disease

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29
Q

What are the components of the pulmonary system?

A

lungs, airways, blood vessels, and thorax

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30
Q

What is the primary function of the pulmonary system?

A

gas exchange

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31
Q

What are the two zones of the pulmonary system and what parts are included in each?

A

1) conducting zone (passageway for air to travel): nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and brinchioles
2) respiratory zone (gas exchange): respiratory bronchiles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

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32
Q

Where is the center in the brain that controls respiration?

A

medulla oblongata and pons

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33
Q

What does each autonomic nervous system do to the bronchials (dialation / constriction)? which increases and which decreases respiration rate?

A

sympathetic nervous system: bronchial dilation and increased respiratory rate
parasympathetic nervous system: bronchial constriction and decrease

34
Q

What are the receptors in the pulmonary system and what do they detect?

A

1) chemoreceptors; detect changes in blood pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
2) stretch receptors

35
Q

What are the main muscles of ventilation?

A

intercostal muscles and diaphragm

36
Q

What muscles are used during active breathing (not QL)?

A

internal intercostals and abdominals

37
Q

What are the accessory muscles of breathing?

A

sternocleidomastoid, scalenes, pectoralis major

38
Q

As the left ventricle grows during adolescence the stroke volume (increases / decreases)?

A

increases

39
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled at rest with each breath

40
Q

residual volume

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs following expiration

41
Q

minute ventilation

A

total volume of air inspired and expired in one minute

42
Q

Are the ventilatory muscles fully developed at birth?

A

No!

43
Q

Following the achievement of sitting what happens to pulmonary structures: (4 things)

A

1) ribs become angles
2) diaphragm becomes dome
3) venitilatory muscles get stronger
4) increased efficiency of breathing

44
Q

when is the sufactant produced?

A

24 weeks

45
Q

Are the airways smaller or larger in children?

A

smaller!!

46
Q

What happens to proximal airways and vasculature in adolescence?

A

Both are increased

47
Q

when are the smooth muscles in arterial walls of alveoli fully developed?

A

19 years old

48
Q

When are functional impairments evident in the pulmonary system? Which decade

A

7th decade

49
Q

How does the body respond to age-related changes?

A

increasing the breathing rate in order to increase minute ventilation!!

50
Q

when in neonatal development does the respiratory zones become viable?

A

26-28 weeks (7 months)

51
Q

what 3 measures reflect the efficiency of the cardiopulmonary system?

A

cardiac output, minute ventilation, and maximal aerobic capacity

52
Q

cardiac output

A

efficiency of cardiovascular system (stroke volume x HR = cardiac output)

53
Q

minute ventilation

A

efficiency of pulmonary system (tidal volume x respiratory rate = minute ventilation)

54
Q

maximal aerobic capacity

A

maximal ability of an individual’s body to transport and use oxygen for energy production

55
Q

T/F the heart rate in an adult is typically higher than that of a newborn

A

FALSE!!!

56
Q

T/F the total lung volume decreases in old age

A

False; lung volume does not change

57
Q

What are 2 changes in the lungs that occur in aging

A

decreased compliance and elasticity AND
decrease in vital capacity and increase in residual volume (more air left behind)

58
Q

What are 4 changes in the thoracic wall and muscular changes that occur in aging? What is the result of these changes?

A

1) decreased joint mobility
2) decreased expansion of chest wall
3) decreased strength and endurance of inspiratory muscles
4) altered length-tension relationship of muscles
LEADS TO: increased work of breathing (quiz)

59
Q

Gas exchange ___________ (increases /decreases) in adolescence

A

increases

60
Q

Which two things increase in adolescence?

A

1) size of airways and vasculature
2) alveolar size, elastic fibers in alveolar walls, and capillaries to alveoli

61
Q

There is an increase in number of alveoli and pulmonary vascularization until age _______

A

8

62
Q

There is an increased risk of respiratory infections until age ______ to ______

A

6-8 years

63
Q

What is a capillary?

A

the connection between arteries and veins to allow for exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste

64
Q

Blood flow through heart beginning with deoxygenated blood from body traveling into R atrium:

A

1) from R atrium through tricuspid valve to R ventricle
2) through pulmonary artery to lungs
3) oxygenated blood through pulmonary vein to L atrium
4) through mitral valve into L ventricle
5) through aorta out to body

65
Q

When does vasculature development occur?

A

3-4 weeks after conception

66
Q

What are the three classes of arteries?

A

large elastic arteries, medium muscular arteries, and small arteries and arterioles

67
Q

Which arterial layer are the large elastic and medium muscular arteries located in?

A

tunica media

68
Q

What is an example of a medium muscular artery?

A

femoral artery or axillary artery

69
Q

Are there one-way valves or two-way valves present in veins?

A

one-way valves

70
Q

Where are the one-way valves of veins typically located?

A

veins inferior to the heart to help facilitate blood flow towards the heart

71
Q

For the following shunts please list the new structure that they form:
1) foramen ovale
2) ductus arteriosus
3) umbilical vein
4) ductus venosus
5) umbilical arteries

A

1) foramen ovale -> fossa ovalis
2) ductus arteriosus -> ligamentum arteriosum
3) umbilical vein ->ligamentum teres
4) ductus venosus -> ligamentum venosum
5) umbilical arteries -> lateral umbilical ligaments

72
Q

T/F: there is a decrease in vascularization from birth to adulthood

A

False; there is an increase in vascularization (at birth 1 vessel for every 6 muscle fibers and in adulthood 1:1 ratio)

73
Q

What are the newborn levels of Hb?

A

20g/100mL

74
Q

Which has more Hb present in their blood?: a fetus or an infant

A

a fetus; more Hb and less O2 saturation

75
Q

As body weight _________ (increases/decreases), blood pressure __________ (increases/decreases)

A

increases; increases

76
Q

In older adults there is a decrease in HR due to a decrease in the number of _______________

A

pacemaker cells in sinoatrial (SA) node

77
Q

In older adults there is a _____________ (increase / decrease) in number of myocytes, but ____________ (increase / decrease) in heart size

A

decrease; increase

78
Q

In older age, the ________ (right / left) ventricular wall becomes thicker which causes the stroke volume to ___________ (increase / decrease)

A

Left ; decreased

79
Q

When does pulmonary development begin?

A

4-8 weeks of gestation (differentiation of trachea and bronchi, long buds form, and bronchi begin to form in lungs)

80
Q

At birth the orientation of the rib cage is ___________

A

horizontal

developmental (9 decks)

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