Lecture 5: Intro to Org Chem Flashcards
is the study of compounds that contain the element carbon
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
are made up of carbon and only a few other elements
Organic compounds
any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen
HETEROATOM
forms four covalent bond + no unshsred pairs of electrons
CARBON
forms single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon atoms
CARBON
most common multiple bond between carbon and a heteroatom is a __________
carbon-oxygen double bond
forms one covalent bond + no unshared pairs of electrons
HYDROGEN
forms three covalent bonds + one unshared pair of electrons
NITROGEN
forms one covalent bond + three unshared pairs of electrons
HALOGEN
forms two covalent bonds + two unshared pairs of electrons
OXYGEN
common halogens
▪ flourine (F)
▪ chlorine (Cl)
▪ bromine (Br)
▪ iodine (I)
▪ astatine (At)
VSEPR THEORY
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
the most stable arrangement keeps the groups on a central atom as far away from each other as possible
VSEPR THEORY
molecular geometry shapes
- Linear
- Trigonal planar
- Tetrahedral
- Bent
- Trigonal pyramidal
An atom surrounded by two groups is linear and has a bond angle of 180°
LINEAR
An atom surrounded by three groups and has a bond angle of 120°
TRIGONAL PLANAR
An atom surrounded by four groups and has a bond angle of 109.5°
TETRAHEDRAL
Every carbon with four single bonds is ___________
tetrahedral
for a bond in front of the plane
wedge
for bonds in the plane
solid line
for a bond behind the plane
dashed line
An atom attached to three atoms and has 1 lone pair
TRIGONAL PYRAMIDAL
An atom attached to two atoms and has 2 lone pairs
BENT
is an atom or group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
compounds that contain only carbon & hydrogen
HYDROCARBONS
have only C–C single bonds and no functional group
ALKANES
have only C–C double bonds as their functional group
ALKENES
have only C–C triple bonds as their functional group
ALKYNES
contain a benzene ring, a six-membered ring with three double bonds
AROMATICS
Contains an —OH (hydroxyl) group bonded to a tetrahedral carbon atom
ALCOHOLS
A compound containing an amino group
AMINE
carbon–oxygen double bonds
CARBONYL GROUP
Contains a hydrogen atom directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon
ALDEHYDE
Contains a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms
KETONE
contains an OH group directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon
CAROBOXYLIC ACIDS
contains an OR group directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon
ESTER
contains an amino group directly bonded to the carbonyl carbon
AMIDE
essential component of the vision receptors in the eyes
RETINOL
Organic compounds are composed of __________ only
covalent bonds
mostly nonpolar molecule with only one OH group, making it a fat-soluble vitamin
Vitamin A
is important in the formation of collagen, the connective tissue of the skin
ASCORBIC ACID
It has many polar bonds and many O atoms, making it a water-soluble vitamin
Vitamin C
is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism
Metabolism
which is present in alcoholic beverages, is one of the several molecules metabolized in the body
Ethanol
Reaction of a compound with excess oxygen in the presence of heat that results in the release of heat or light energy
COMBUSTION REACTIONS
Small organic compounds called monomers form covalent bonds with each other to form long chains called polymers
POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS
Small organic compounds called monomers form covalent bonds with each other to form long chains called _______
polymers
TYPES OF POLYMERS
- Homopolymers
- Heteropolymers
composed of one type of monomers
Homopolymers
composed of different types of monomers
Heteropolymers
have an EVEN share of electrons, making both ends balanced
Nonpolar
have an UNEVEN sharing of electrons, creating a positive and negative side
Polar
the ability to be dissolved
Solubility
