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CHEM 101 > FT LEC: Lipids > Flashcards

FT LEC: Lipids Flashcards

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1
Q

an organic compound found in living organisms that are insoluble (or sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents

A

Lipids

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2
Q

Structurally diverse; has no repeating unit structure like the other biomolecules

A

Lipids

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3
Q

can be extracted when biochemical material (human, animal, or plant material) is homogenized and mixed with nonpolar organic solvent

A

Lipids

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4
Q

Classification of lipids

A
  1. Based on hydrolysis characteristics
  2. Based on biological function
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5
Q

Hydrolyzable lipids

A
  • Triacylglycerols
  • Membrane lipids
  • Biological waxes
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6
Q

can be broken down to simpler molecules through hydrolysis

A

Hydrolyzable lipids

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7
Q

can no longer be broken down to simpler molecules

A

Non-hydrolyzable lipids

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8
Q

Non-hydrolyzable lipids

A
  • Steroids
  • Eicosanoids
  • Emulsification Lipids
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9
Q

Based on biological function

A
  • Energy storage lipids
  • Membrane lipids
  • Emulsification lipids
  • Messenger lipids
  • Protective-coating lipids
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10
Q

is a naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid with long, unbranched hydrocarbon chains that nearly always contain an even number of carbons

A

Fatty acids

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11
Q

Fatty Acid: Classification according to length

A
  1. Long fatty acid chains (12C to 26C)
  2. Medium fatty acid chains (8C to 10C)
  3. Short fatty acid chains (4C to 6C)
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12
Q

Fatty Acid: Classification based on presence of C=C bonds

A
  1. Saturated fatty acids
  2. Unsaturated fatty acids
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13
Q

only contain carbon-carbon single bonds

A

Saturated fatty acids

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14
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids can be further classified into two sub-types

A
  1. Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)
  2. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)
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15
Q

contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond

A

Unsaturated fatty acids

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16
Q

contain only one carbon-carbon double bond

A

Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs)

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17
Q

contain at least two carbon-carbon bonds

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)

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18
Q

produce bends or kinks that prevents stronger interaction between the hydrocarbon chains

A

Carbon-carbon double bonds in the cis configuration

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19
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids have _____ melting and boiling points compared to saturated fatty acids

A

lower

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20
Q

is a lipid formed by esterification of three fatty acid molecules to a glycerol molecule

A

triacylglycerol (TAG)

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21
Q

is a tri-ester formed from the esterification of glycerol with three identical fatty acid molecules

A

Simple triacylglycerol

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22
Q

is composed of unidentical fatty acid molecules (more biochemically important)

A

Mixed triacylglycerol

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23
Q

take in the form of fats or oils in nature, which are the most abundant types of lipid as well

A

Triacylglycerols

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24
Q

are triacylglycerol mixtures that are solid or semi-solid at room temperature and is generally obtained in animals

A

Fats

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25
Q

are triacylglycerol mixtures that are liquid at room temperature

A

Oils

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26
Q

is a fatty acid needed in the human body that must be acquired from dietary sources because it cannot be synthesized by the human body in adequate amounts from other substances

A

Essential fatty acid

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27
Q

are considered bad fats

A

Saturated fats

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28
Q

are considered good fats

A

Unsaturated fats

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29
Q

are particularly important

A

Omega fatty acids

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30
Q

Two essential fatty acids

A
  1. Linoleic acid
  2. Linolenic acid
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31
Q

needed for proper cell membrane formation

A

Linoleic acid

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32
Q

Serves as starting material for other biochemically important fatty acids

A

Linoleic acid

33
Q

Precursors to eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA)

A

Linolenic acid

34
Q

are important constituents of cell membrane of nerve cells, and are active components in the retinas

A

EPA and DHA

35
Q

Three common membrane lipids

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Sphingophospholipids
  3. Cholesterol
36
Q

are phospholipids that contain two fatty acids and a phosphate group bonded to a glycerol molecules by ester bonds, and an alcohol bonded to the phosphate group

A

Glycerophospholipids

37
Q

Also known as lecithins

A

Phosphatidylcholine

38
Q

Also known as cephalins

A

Phosphatidylethanolamine and Phosphatidylserine

39
Q

are phospholipids that contain sphingosine molecule with a fatty acid bonded to it with amide bonds, a phosphate group, and an alcohol bonded to the phosphate group

A

Sphingophospholipid

40
Q

Sphingophospholipids with choline attached to the phosphate group are called ____________

A

sphingomyelins

41
Q

Found in cell membranes and main structural components of myelin sheaths

A

sphingomyelins

42
Q

are lipids that contain both fatty acids and a carbohydrate (usually a monosaccharide) bonded to sphingosine

A

Sphingoglycolipids

43
Q

Types of Sphingoglycolipids

A
  1. Cerebroside
  2. Ganglioside
44
Q

Possesses a monosaccharide unit usually glucose or galactose

A

Cerebroside

45
Q

Simplest sphingoglycolipid

A

Cerebroside

46
Q

Complex sphingoglycolipid

A

Ganglioside

47
Q

Possesses branched carbohydrate component

A

Ganglioside

48
Q

Occurs in the grey matter of the brain and in the myelin sheath

A

Ganglioside

49
Q

is a type of steroid (a lipid whose structure is based on a fused ring system that involves three six-membered rings and one five-membered ring)

A

Cholesterol

50
Q

A 27-carbon molecule that is a component of cell membranes and a precursor of other steroid-based lipids

A

Cholesterol

51
Q

Found in animal fat and can be synthesized in the liver

A

Cholesterol

52
Q

is a lipid-based structure that separates a cell’s aqueous interior from the aqueous environment surrounding the cell

A

cell membrane

53
Q

a long, thick structure of phospholipids and glycolipids in which the nonpolar tails of the lipids are in the middle and the polar heads are on the outside surfaces of the structure

A

cell membrane

54
Q

The components of cell membranes occur in different amount depending on the cell’s function

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Glycolipids
  3. Cholesterol
  4. Proteins
55
Q

There are two types of proteins in cell membranes

A
  1. Integral proteins
  2. Peripheral proteins
56
Q

penetrate both sides of the lipid bilayer

A

Integral proteins

57
Q

only found on one side of the lipid bilayer

A

Peripheral proteins

58
Q

concentration: high to low
cellular ee: none required
protein help: none required

A

Passive transport

59
Q

concentration: high to low
cellular ee: none required
protein help: proteins serve as “gates”

A

Facilitated transport

60
Q

concentration: low to high
cellular ee: energy input required
protein help: proteins serve as “pumps”

A

Active transport

61
Q

Some lipids are hormones or at least perform a messenger function

A
  1. Steroid hormones
  2. Eicosanoids
61
Q

are biochemical substances produced by ductless glands that have a messenger function and serve as communication between cells

A

Hormones

62
Q

Hormones: are derived from cholesterol

A

Steroid hormones

62
Q

Hormones: are derived from the fatty acid arachidonic acid

A

Eicosanoids

63
Q

Two classes of steroid hormones

A
  1. Sex hormones
  2. Adrenocorticoid hormones
64
Q

control reproduction and the development of secondary sexual characteristics

A

Sex hormones

65
Q

are produced in the ovaries and promotes development of secondary female characteristics

A

Estrogens

66
Q

are produced in the testes and promotes development of secondary male characteristics; also promotes muscle growth

A

Androgens

67
Q

are pregnancy hormones that control ovulation and prepares the uterine lining for implantation

A

Progestins

68
Q

are used as oral contraceptives or anabolic steroids

A

Artificial hormones

69
Q

control and regulate various biochemical functions

A

Adrenocorticoids

70
Q

control the Na+/K+ balance in the body

A

Mineralocorticotropic hormones

71
Q

control and regulate glucose metabolism and counteracts inflammation process

A

Glucocorticotropic hormones

72
Q

are used as anti-inflammatory drugs in allergic reactions (hypersensitivity)

A

Synthetic adrenocorticoids

73
Q

are oxygenated 20-carbon fatty acid derivatives that function as a messenger lipid

A

Eicosanoids

74
Q

Three principal types of eicosanoids

A
  1. prostaglandins
  2. thromboxanes
  3. leukotrienes
75
Q

is a messenger lipid that as a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains a cyclopentane ring and oxygen-containing functional groups

A

prostaglandin

76
Q

is a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains a cyclic ether ring and oxygen-containing functional groups

A

thromboxane

77
Q

is a C20 fatty acid derivative that contains three conjugated double bonds and hydroxyl groups

A

Leukotriene

CHEM 101 (12 decks)

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