FT LAB: Metabolic Pathways Flashcards
is the study of chemical processes in living things
BIOCHEMISTRY
Looking at biological processes through a chemical lens
BIOCHEMISTRY
Focuses on the structure, properties, functions, and changes associated with biomolecules
BIOCHEMISTRY
are large, discrete molecules with biological function linked with their structure
BIOMOLECULES
Biomolecules large classes
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids
is the sum total of all biochemical reactions that take place in an organism
Metabolism
TWO TYPES OF METABOLISM
- o Anabolism
- o Catabolism
small molecules are converted to larger molecules; consumes energy in the process
o Anabolism
large molecules are converted to smaller molecules; releases energy in the process
Catabolism
is a series of biochemical reactions that converts starting materials into products
metabolic pathway
generate a final product
Linear pathways
regenerate the first reactant
Cyclic pathways
TWO TYPES OF CELLS
- Prokaryotic Cells
- Eukaryotic Cells
do not possess a nucleus
Prokaryotic Cells
possess a nucleus where DNA is stored
Eukaryotic Cells
cell boundary
Plasma membrane
water-based internal environment of eukaryotic cells
Cytoplasm
generates energy for the cell in the form of ATP
Mitochondria
contains hydrolytic enzymes for degradation of large molecules
Lysosomes
contains DNA
Nucleus
site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
produces cellular/biochemical energy through oxidative phosphorylation (cellular respiration)
mitochondrion
Transport proteins are found in facilitating the transport of molecules into and out of the membrane
Outer membrane
Site of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and ATP synthesis; ATP synthase complexes and other catalytic proteins
Inner membrane
Site of Citric Acid Cycle and beta-Oxidation of fatty acids
Matrix
Four general steps in the biochemical energy production process
- Digestion
- Acetyl group formation
- Citric acid cycle
- Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
Begins in mouth (saliva contains starch-digesting enzymes), continues in the stomach (gastric juices), and is completed in small intestine
STAGE 1: DIGESTION
End product of Stage 2
acetyl CoA
The small molecules from Stage 1 are further oxidized
STAGE 2: ACETYL GROUP FORMATION
This stage involves numerous reactions which occur both in the cytosol as well as the mitochondria of the cells
STAGE 2: ACETYL GROUP FORMATION
Takes place inside the mitochondria
STAGE 3: CITRIC ACID CYCLE
Acetyl group is oxidized to produce CO2 and energy
STAGE 3: CITRIC ACID CYCLE
Some energy produced in this stage is lost in the form of heat
STAGE 3: CITRIC ACID CYCLE
The carbon dioxide we exhale comes primarily from this stage
STAGE 3: CITRIC ACID CYCLE
Takes place in mitochondria
STAGE 4: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
NADH and FADH2 are oxidized to release H ions and electrons
STAGE 4: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
O2 inhaled is converted into H2O in this stage
STAGE 4: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN AND OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
