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CHEM 101 > FT LEC: Carbohydrates > Flashcards

FT LEC: Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

are polyhydroxylated aldehydes or ketones; or compounds that yield polyhydroxylated aldehydes or ketones upon hydrolysis

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

are the most abundant class of bioorganic molecules on Earth

A

Carbohydrates

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3
Q

Produced by green plants (chlorophyll-containing) via photosynthesis

A

Carbohydrates

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4
Q

Function of carbohydrates in plants

A
  1. Serve as structural elements in the form of cellulose
  2. Provide short term storage in the form of starch
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5
Q

Classification of Carbohydrates

A
  • Monosaccaharide
  • Disaccharide
  • Oligosaccharide
  • Polysaccharide
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6
Q

are classified according to the type of carbonyl group present and the number of carbon atoms in the open chain

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

A monosaccharide is characterized by the number of C atoms in its chain

A

3 carbons = triose
4 carbons = tetrose
5 carbons = pentose
6 carbons = hexose

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8
Q

are the simplest carbohydrates; usually contain three to six carbon atoms in an open chain with either an aldehyde or a ketone in one end with multiple hydroxyl group

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

Appear as white, crystalline solids

A

Monosaccharides

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10
Q

water-soluble and taste sweet

A

Carbohydrates

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11
Q

The simplest monosaccharides; serve as important intermediates in glycolysis

A

Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone

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12
Q

a chiral molecule

A

Glyceraldehyde (D-Glyceraldehyde)

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13
Q

achiral molecule

A

Dihydroxyacetone

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14
Q

The most abundant monosaccharide in nature, and most important from a nutritional standpoint

A

D-Glucose

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15
Q

Found in large amounts in ripe fruits particularly grapes(grape sugar)

A

D-Glucose

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16
Q

Two other names of D-glucose

A
  1. Dextrose
  2. Blood sugar
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17
Q

draws attention that D-glucose is optically active and rotates plane polarized light to the right (dextrorotatory)

A

Dextrose

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18
Q

because the blood contains dissolved glucose (70mg/dL) regulated by the hormones insulin and glucagon

A

Blood sugar

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19
Q

Seldom found as a free monosaccharide

A

D-Galactose

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20
Q

Epimer of D-glucose at carbon 4

A

D-Galactose

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21
Q

Synthesized from D-glucose in the mammary glands and bonds with D-glucose to form lactose

A

D-Galactose

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22
Q

Found on the membranes of different cell types

A

D-Galactose

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23
Q

Biochemically the most important ketose

A

D-Fructose

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24
Q

the sweetest-tasting of all sugars; found in fruits (also known as fruit sugar), and honey in equal amounts with glucose

A

D-Fructose

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25
Q

Also known as levulose because a solution of naturally occurring ________ rotate plane polarized light to the left

A

D-Fructose

26
Q

Used as a dietary sugar; less is needed for the same amount of sweetness

A

D-Fructose

27
Q

A aldopentose

A

D-Ribose

28
Q

Component of nucleic acids, and energy-rich ATP

A

D-Ribose

29
Q

Exists as 2-deoxy-D-ribose in DNA

A

D-Ribose

30
Q

are composed of two monosaccharides linked together by acetals also known as glycosidic linkages

A

Disaccharides

31
Q

is the bond between two monosaccharide units resulting from the reaction between the hemiacetal carbon atom –OH group and an –OH group on the other monosaccharide

A

glycosidic linkages

32
Q

Made up of two D-glucose units connected by α(1>4) glycosidic linkage

A

Maltose

33
Q

Also known as malt sugar

A

Maltose

34
Q

An intermediate in the hydrolysis of cellulose

A

Cellobiose

35
Q

Composed of two D-glucose units connected by β(1>4) glycosidic linkage

A

Cellobiose

36
Q

Cannot be digested by humans

A

Cellobiose

37
Q

Composed of β-D-galactose unit bonded to D-glucose by β(1>4) glycosidic linkage

A

Lactose

38
Q

drolyzed by the enzyme lactase

A

Lactose

39
Q

The most abundant disaccharide in nature; found in plants

A

Sucrose

40
Q

Carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 monosaccharide units

A

Oligosaccharides

41
Q

Composed of α-D-glucose and β-D-fructose linked by α(1>2)β

A

Sucrose

42
Q

Rarely found a free molecules; usually components of more complex molecules

A

Oligosaccharides

43
Q

play an important role in distinguishing blood types

A

Oligosaccharides

44
Q

act as biochemical markers on the plasma membrane of red blood cells

A

Oligosaccharide molecules

45
Q

The following monosaccharides contribute to the makeup of the oligosaccharide “marking system”:

A

α-D-Galactose
α-L-Fucose
α-N-Acetyl-D-glucosamine
α-N0Acetyl-D-galactosamine

46
Q

no fifth unit

A

Type O

47
Q

N-Acetyl-galactosamine as 5th unit

A

Type A

48
Q

Galactose as 5th unit

A

Type B

49
Q

contain hundreds to thousands of monosaccharide units

A

Polysaccharides

50
Q

Also known as glycans

A

Polysaccharides

51
Q

are repeating units in a polymer chain

A

Monomers

52
Q

only one type of monosaccharide monomer is present

A

Homopolysaccharides

53
Q

more than one (usually two) type of monosaccharide monomer is present

A

Heteropolysaccharides

54
Q

Common storage polysaccharides

A
  1. Starch in plants
  2. Glycogen in animals
55
Q

Serve as structural elements in plant cell walls and animal exoskeletons

A
  1. Cellulose in plants
  2. Chitin in animal exoskeletons
56
Q

Polysaccharides with disaccharide repeating units in which one of the component is an amino sugar or both have negative charges due to the presence of sulfate group or carboxylic acid group

A

Acidic Polysaccharides

57
Q

Found in connective tissues in humans

A

Acidic Polysaccharides

58
Q

found in joints and in the vitreous humor of the eye

A

Hyaluronic acid

59
Q

highly sulfated polysaccharide; acts as a naturally occurring anticoagulant in the blood present in mast cells in sites of tissue injury

A

Heparin

60
Q

Lipid molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it

A

Glycolipid

61
Q

Protein molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it

A

Glycoprotein

CHEM 101 (12 decks)

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