Lecture 1 Flashcards
a homogenous mixture that contains small particles
solution
the substance present in a larger amount
Solvent
the substance present in a lesser amount
Solute
Ionic compounds dissolved in water yields an _________
electrolyte
a homogenous mixture with larger particles often having an opaque appearance
colloid
has water as a solvent
aqueous solution
They do not settle out, dispersed uniformly throughout the mixture
COLLOIDS
is a heterogeneous mixture that contains large particles suspended in a liquid
suspension
Particles are so large they do not dissolve in a liquid
SUSPENSIONS
Suspensions can be filtered away from the liquid or separated using a ______
centrifuge
Blood has multiple components
o Solid components (blood cells)
o Liquid component (plasma)
o Dissolved substances (ions, proteins, gases)
It exhibits properties of both a colloid and a suspension
Blood
Size of RBC
7 to 8 micrometers in diameter
Solution Particle Size
Small, <1 nm
Colloid Particle Size
Larger, 1nm - 1um
Suspension Particle Size
Large, > 1um
The components cannot be separated by filtration
Solution
The components cannot be separated by common filtration techniques
Colloid
The components can be separated by filtration or centrifugation
Supension
Settling YES or NO: Solution
No
Settling YES or NO: Colloid
No
Settling YES or NO: Suspension
Yes
Ionic and polar covalent compounds are soluble in ________
polar solvents
is the amount of solute that dissolves in a given amount of solvent
Solubility
Nonpolar compounds are soluble in ________
nonpolar solvents
is the interaction of solute and solvent molecules
Solvation
are generally nonpolar and usually exhibit London dispersion forces
Organic compounds
are soluble in organic solvents
Organic compounds
Solutes dissolve in solvents through the process of _______
solvation
A compound is soluble if it contains the following ions
- Group 1A cations:
Li+
Na+
K+
Rb+
Cs+ - Ammonium: NH4
A compound is soluble if it contains the following anions
- Halides: Cl-, Br-, I-(exceptions are Ag+, Hg22+, Pb2+)
- Nitrate: NO3-
- Acetate: CH3COO-
- Sulfate: SO42- (exceptions are Ba2+, Hg22+, Pb2+)
result to the formation of ion combinations from aqueous reactants that are insoluble in water called precipitates
double replacement reactions
Certain double replacement reactions result to the formation of ion combinations from aqueous reactants that are insoluble in water called ___________
precipitates
The solubility of a gas in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas above the liquid
Henry’s Law
are properties of a solution that depends in the concentration or number of particles dissolved in a solution, but not its identity
Colligative properties
Common colligative properties
o Boiling Point elevation
o Freezing Point Depression
o Osmotic Pressure
Human sweat is a liquid solution with dissolved ionic compounds and other components incorporated into it that increases (elevates) its boiling point
BOILING POINT ELEVATION
Ocean water does not completely freeze in artic regions because of the salts dissolved in it.
FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
The membrane that surrounds living cells is a _________
semipermeable membrane
allow water and small molecules to pass across, but ions and large molecules cannot
Semipermeable membranes
is the passage of a solvent, usually water, across a semipermeable membrane from a solution of low solute concentration to a solution of higher solute concentration
Osmosis
is the pressure that prevents the flow of additional solvent into a solution on one side of a
semipermeable membrane
Osmotic pressure
Two solutions with the same osmotic pressure are said to be ________
isotonic
Solutions isotonic to the body
o 0.92% (w⁄v) NaCl solution
o 5.0% (w⁄v) glucose solution
has a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids
hypotonic solution
has a higher osmotic pressure than body fluids
hypertonic solution
Water diffuses out of cell, so the cell shrinks
crenation
when a person’s kidneys are incapable of removing waste products from blood, __________ is used.
hemodialysis
