Lecture 5 Emotions (anxiety & agression)

Question 1

Emotion (definition by Lazarus)

Answer 1

an organized psychophysiological reaction to
ongoing relationships with the
environment, most often, but not often interpersonal or social.

Question 2

What are physiological emotional reactions?

Answer 2

• heart rate
• blood pressure
• skin temperature
• changes in the CNS

Question 3

Anxieyt (def.)

Answer 3

A negative emotional state with feelings of nervousness, worry and apprehension associated with activation or arousal of the body

Question 4

What are physiological emotional reactions?

Answer 4

expressions of emotions through facial expressions, gestures, voice etc.

Question 5

State-Trait anxiety theory

Answer 5

Trait anxiety: disposition that causes individuals to perceive non-threatening circumstances as threatening

State anxiety: feelings of tension and anxiety that fluctutate depending upon the situation

Question 6

What are effects of anxiety?

Answer 6

• muscle tensions
• coordination difficulties
• narrowing of attentional focus

Question 7

Inverted U (Yerkes & Dodson, 1908)

Answer 7

increase of arousal will increase performance up to optimal point then further increases cause drop in performance.

Question 8

Catastrophe theory (Hardy & Fazey, 1987)

Answer 8

Passing optimal arousal results in dramatic and catastrophic drop in performance

Question 9

Individual zone of optimal functioning (IZOF) Theory (Hanin, 1980)

Answer 9

• each athlete will have an optimal zone of arousal
• outside of this zone poor performance will occur.

Question 10

Reversal theory (Smith & Apter, 1975; Kerr, 1985)

Answer 10

How anxiety affects performance is a question of cognitive interpretation.

Question 11

How can I observe anxiety (physiological)?

Answer 11

• sweating
• increase of heart and breathing rate
• muscle tension
• turnin red or pale in the face
• shaking
• irritated stomach

Question 12

How can I observe anxiety (behavioral indicators)?

Answer 12

• aggresive behaviors
• motoric “problems”
• trying to avoid the situation
• fidgetiness
• underperformance “ckoping upder pressure”

Question 13

What are some psycho-physiological methods? (for anxiety)

Answer 13

Respiratory rate, depth
and rhythm
Sweat gland activity
Skin conductance
Skin temperature
Brain waves(EEG)
Muscle tension (EMG)
Heart rate
Heart rate variability

Question 14

What are the scales (3) from the anxieyt questionnaires?

Answer 14

• somatic anxiety
• worry
• confidence

Question 15

What possibel interventions are there for anxiety?

Answer 15

• psychological skills training (relaxation techniques, positive self-talk)
• systematic desensitization

Question 16

Is aggression an emotion?

Answer 16

• emotional or impulsive aggression refers to aggression that occurs with only a small amount of forethought or intent
• instrumental or cognitive aggression is intentional and planned.

Question 17

Aggression (definition)

Answer 17

refers to behavior that is intended to harm another individual who does not want to be harmed.

Question 18

Agression (def.) by Tedeschi, Smith & Brown, 1974

Answer 18

1. Impairment of another person’s alternative course
2. Intetntionally directed
3. Violating rules

Question 19

What types of aggression are there?

Answer 19

Expressive: unintention, non-targeted outburt
Hostile/impulsive: aim is to harm another person
Instrumental: aggression as a meqans to an end

Question 20

Types of agressive behavior

Answer 20

 overt vs. covert-sneaky aggression
 physical vs. verbal aggression
 actively exercising vs. passively experiencing aggression
 direct vs. indirect aggression
 outward vs. inward aggression

Question 21

instinct theory

Answer 21

• aggressive tendencies are the result of inherited predispositions (Freud, 1920)
• The idea that experiencing catharsis reduces agression (Konrad Lorenz)

Question 22

Frustration-aggression hypothesis

Answer 22

• aggression is as consequence of frustration
• aggression depnds on … level of frustration, frustration tolerance, number of frustrating experiences, expected consequences)

Question 23

Social learning thoery (aggression)

Answer 23

• Aggressive Behavior is the
  result of a learning and
  socialization process.
  (Bandura, 1976)
• we learn behavior through observation

Question 24

How can aggressive behavior be explained?

Answer 24

• disposition x situation interaction
• leads to aggression motivation
• leads to aggresive behavior

Question 25

What are some antecendent of aggression?

Answer 25

• bio-psychological factors (arousal level, feeling og guilt, personality traits, gender)
• social factors (experiences at home, parental style)
• coach/teammates that support aggression

Question 26

Psychological skills training to reduce aggression. (3 Rs)

Answer 26

1. Respond
2. Relax
3. Refocus

Question 27

Dealing with undesirable behavior

Answer 27

1. Define clear rules
2. Praise desired behaviour
3. React to undesirable behaviour immediately, consistently and firmly
4. Explain what exactly is inappropriate
5. Point out how the child could behave appropriately
6. Emphasise instructions and wishes through consequences such as “quiet time” and “time out”.

Question 28

What is bullying?

Answer 28

A subcategory of interpersonal aggression characterized by intentionality, repetition, and an imbalance of power being a primary distinction between bullying and other forms of aggression (Hymel & Swearer, 2015, p. 293).