Lecture 10 Sport and Acculturation

Question 1

acculturation (def.)

Answer 1

acculturation is defined as the process of cultural and psychological change that follows intercultural contact

Question 2

age and prejudice

Answer 2

• children tend to focus on physical attributed like skin color
• with increasing age and cognitive maturity stereotyping decreases

Question 3

gender and prejudice

Answer 3

male adolescents show more racism that female adolescents

Question 4

How can sport promote integration?

Answer 4

• socializing agent
• environment offering equal opportunities and promoting racial equality

Question 5

The drawback, threat and downside of sport

Answer 5

• sport may reinforce existing ethnic identities
• ethnic minorities want to participate in sports with poeple of the same ethnic background
• sport used as a mean of preserving (own) ethnic identity

Question 6

the contact hypothesis

Answer 6

• a lack of interethnic contact creates misinformation and ignorance and this leads to prejudice
• to expose poeple to accurate information about outgroups and prejudice should be reduced
• an increased interracial contact would result in more positive racial attitudes.

Question 7

When is the contact hypothesis most effective?

Answer 7

when changing how we feel about the other group.
1. Reduce negative feelings
2. Promote positive feelings

Question 8

Is intergroup contact per se enough to reduce prejudice?

Answer 8

contact must occur under well-defined conditions in order to successfully change intergroup attitudes for the better

Question 9

Allport’s (1954) hypothesis about intergroup contact

Answer 9

1. Equal status within the situation
2. Common goals (active goal-oriented effort)
3. Intergroup cooperation
4. Institutional support

Question 10

The ethnic-cultural identity framework - acculturation

Answer 10

understood as cultural and psychological changes that follow intercultural contact.

Question 11

What is part of cultural changes (the ethnic-cultural identity framework)

Answer 11

• group’s customs
• their economic and political life

Question 12

What is part of psychological changes (the ethnic-cultural identity framework)

Answer 12

• changes in individual’s attitudes toward the acculturation process
• their cultural identities
• and their social behaviors un relation to the groups in contact

Question 13

Two independent dimensions underlying the process of acculturation …

Answer 13

1. Cultural maintenance
2. Contact and Participation

Question 14

Cultural maintenance (def.)

Answer 14

the degree to which people wish to maintain their heriatge cultura and identity

Question 15

Contact & participation (def.)

Answer 15

the degree to which people seek involvement with the larger society

Question 16

What is part of the acculturation model?

Answer 16

1. Cultural maintenance
2. Contact & Participation
3. Acculturation

Question 17

Acculturation model: minority group acculturation attitudes (four aspect):

Two dimensions
1. Maintenane of heritage and identity
2. Relationships sought among groups

Answer 17

1. Integration ( 1. +/ 2. +)
2. Assimilation (1. -/ 2. +)
3. Seperation (1. +/ 2. -)
4. Marginalisation (1. -/ 2. -)

Question 18

Results of - relation between sport climate environmental variables and the level of integration in young sport club members (Elbe et al., 2016)

Answer 18

• no correlation in spanish sample
• significant correlation in greek sample.

In Greece sport climate variables show relation to level of integration but not in spain.

Question 19

Do team sports have advantages in promoting integration

Answer 19

the need for individuals to work collaboratively will encourage the devlopment of skills (trust, empathy, personal responsibility and cooperation)

Question 20

Effects of positive contact

Answer 20

• students perceive that their PE class acts inclusively towards them
• class provides them with a sense of belonging (can be themselves)

Question 21

Performance climate is charcaterized by …

Answer 21

• promotion of normative comparison with others
• reward of normative standards
• punishment of mistakes
• emphasize winning

Question 22

Mastery climate is characterized by …

Answer 22

• promotion of self-improvment on tasks
• reward of effort and persistance
• being supported in seeing mistakes as part of the learning
• emphasizing learning and skill development.

Question 23

The model of the study - inclusive teaching

Answer 23

treatment condition (TARGET yes/no) -> motivational climate perceptions -> PE Class inclusion

Testing the mediation of studnet’s motivational climate perceptions of the relation between treatment condiitons and feelings of inclsuion in the PE class

Question 24

Conclusion - of the study inclusive teaching

Answer 24

TARGET framework can provide classroom norms of cooperation and effort rather than competition and outperforming others (Inclusive PE environments)

Question 25

What is the TARGET approach of inclusive teaching?

Answer 25

1. Task
2. Authority
3. Reward
4. Grouping
5. evaluation
6. Time

Question 26

perspective of the hosts (youth sport club setting)

Answer 26

• young athletes show more accepting attitudes towards interaction between migrant and host populations than non youth athletes
• an empowering environment seems to enhance positive interactions between cultural diverse individuals