Lecture 11 Sport and psychological wellbing Flashcards
Definition of health (medical perspective)
absence of ilness
WHO definition of health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
What are weaknesses of the WHO definition?
- defines health as complete well-being
- implies that physical, mental and social well-being are seperate
- inadequate operationalisation of the concept of health
- no objective criteria for health
- defining health as a state ignores the dynamics
Definition of health by Antonovsky, 1987
health is defined as a dynamic interaction between risk and protective factors
What are potential risk factors?
- physical stressors
- gun violence
- biochemical stressors
- toxins, pathogens
- psycho-social stressors
- overtaxation/boredom
- conflicts
- uncertainity
- time pressure
What are potential protective factors?
- intelligence
- material wealth
- coping strategies
- social support
- cultural factors
- biological factors
- recovery
What is stress?
stress is your mind and body’s response or reaction to a real or imagines threat, event or change (the threat = stressor)
Eustress vs. distress
- Eustress: positive stress occurs when your level of stress is high enough to motivate you
- Distress: negative stress occurs when your level of stress is either too high or too low (body/mind respond negatively)
Definition of recovery
- recovery is a process in time
- recovery depends on the type and duration of stress
- recovery is linked to a reduction in stress
- recovery ends with the achievent of a psycho-physical state or restored performance and homeostatic balance
What does salutogensis stand for?
Latin: salus = health
Greek: genesis = source
Source of health.
assumptions about the pathogenetic model
- dichotomy
- risk factors and negtaive stressors
- potentially promote ilness
- use of effective medication
assumptions about the salutogenetic model
- Continuum
- Available protective factors, sense of coherence
- Promote both health and illness
- Active adaptation, risk reductrion and resource developmen
Salutogenesis orientation
- salutogenesis focuses attention o health generation as compared to a pathogenetic focus on disease generation
- the search for the foundation of positive patterns versus the search for the foundation of negative outcomes
definition: sense of coherence (Antonovsky, 1990)
a global orientation that expresses the extent to which one has a pervasive, enduring though dynamic feeling of confidence that one’s internal and external environments are predictable and that there is a high probablity that things will work out as well as can reasonable be expected.
sense of coherence (three aspects)
- meaningfulness
- manageability
- comprehensibility
short-term benefits of exercise
- positive mood and affect
- vigor increases and fatigue and confusion decreases
- reduction of anxiety
- positive effect on cognitive functioning
What is a runner’s high?
a euphoric sensation, usually unexpected, of heightened well-being, and enhanced appreciation of nature, and the transcendence of time and space
Long-term benefits of sport participation
- slow and even reverse age-related decline in mental function
- improves sleeping habits
- positive changes in self-esteem
- reduced physiological response to psychosocial stressors
- reduction in non-clinical depression
Which (neuro-) physiological explanations are there?
- Thermo-regulation-hypothesis
- monoamin-hypothesis
- endorphin-hypothesis
Thermo-regulation-hypothesis
- exercise increases body temperature and intensifies metabolism
- increase in temperature increases metabolic intensity.
- benefits for oxygen supply and sensory receptor sensation
Monoamin-hypothesis
an increase in the concentration of biogenic amines during endurance training leads to a change in negative mood states towards well-being.
endorphin-hypothesis (runner’s high)
- release of endogenous (beta) endorphins after physical activity
- higher concentration of beta-endorphins during physical activity leads to a reduction in the sensation of pain during exertion and an increase in well-being.
Which (social-) psychological explanations are there?
meditative states of consciousness
Meditative states of consiousness - the effects of physical activity
aerobic exercise performed without external stimuli is said to lead to a feeling of pleasure in activity and an increased sense of being alive.
What characterizes flow?
- clear goals
- concentration and focusing (a high degree of concentration on a limited field of attention)
- a loss of the feeling of self-consciousness
- distorted sense of time
- direct and immediate feedback
- balance between ability level and challenge
- a sense of personal controo over the situation or activity
- the activity is intrinsically rewarding, so there is an effortlessness of action
Distraction hypothesis
- sporting activity distracts from stress-related transactions, increases expectation of competence
- avoidance of stress states and reduction of tension-specific arousal states
exercise and self-esteem model
through changes in the bodyrelated self-efficacy, which on a more global level promotes the expreince of physical competence and body acceptance; this in turn may be associated with positive effects on self-esteem.
Green-exercise hypothesis
physiological reactions to the natural environment and the experienced interaction with nature
Health sports and preventions (1.,2.,3. prevention)
- prevention: avoids the development of a disease
- prevention: treating people with an established disease and those at a very high risk of developing a disease
- prevention: reduce the negative impact of an already established disease by restoring function anf reducing disease-related complications
Factors related to the adoption or maintenance of PA behavior
health benefits, benefits, barriers, self-efficacy, readiness to change, goal orientation, income, education, gender, obesity
experiences associated with bouts of PA
increased energy, improved body image, increased self-confidence, reduced clinical anxiety or depression, improved quality of life, increased cognitive function, improved sleep patterns
How do you keep poeple involved in health sport programs?
- positive emotions
- social support
- content and setting
- group
- cochaes
