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BIOL 1001 > Lecture 5 - Cell Division > Flashcards

Lecture 5 - Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

what is a proteome

A

complete set of proteins synthesized by cell

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2
Q

what is human proteome

A

complete set of proteins synthesized by all cells of human body

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3
Q

what is the difference between human proteome and human genome

A

proteome: larger bc includes coding & non coding
genome: complete set of chromosomes & DNA in body

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4
Q

when does regulation of gene expression occur

A
  • initiation of transcription
    -after transcription
    -before or during translation
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5
Q

what is regulation of gene expression?

A

only producing the proteins needed at specific times

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6
Q

how are proteins sorted?

A

-have specific target sequence (like zip code) that sends it to proper organelle

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7
Q

what are the 4 phases of the cell cycle?

A

M, G1, S, G2

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8
Q

what happens during M?

A

mitotic phase; cell division

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9
Q

what happens during G1?

A

first growth phase; growth & normal metabolic roles

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10
Q

what happens during S?

A

synthesis phase; DNA replication

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11
Q

what happens during G2?

A

second growth; growth & separation for mitosis

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12
Q

what is interphase?

A

-from formation to division
-cells not actively dividing, but getting ready to
-spend majority of time in this phase

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13
Q

what are the subphases of interphase?

A

G1, S, and G2

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14
Q

what occurs during G1 of interphase?

A

-cell metabolically active
-synthesizing proteins & growing
-most variable length
-organelles replicated (for 2 cells)
-@ end, centrioles replicate

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15
Q

what happens during S phase of interphase?

A
  • chromosomes duplicated
  • proteins for cell div. synthesized
  • DNA REPLICATED
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16
Q

what happens during G2 phase of interphase?

A
  • final brief phase,
    last minute protein synth.
    -centriole replication complete
    -ready to divide in M
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17
Q

what is the G0 phase of interphase?

A
  • not preparing for cell div.; rest phase
  • some stay & never duplicate (MSK & neurons)
    -stem cells never enter G0 bc duplicate so fast
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18
Q

what happens during mitosis?

A
  • duplicated chromosome go into 2 sep. nuclei
    -OG cell: 46 chrom. (2 sets of pairs)
    -after Mitosis: 2 daughter cells w/ 1 pair of non repl. chromosomes each
    (4N ->2N)
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19
Q

what is a homologous chromosome?

A

has same genes in same location

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20
Q

what is a chromatid

A

1/2 of a chromosome
(2 chromatids + centromere = chromosome)

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21
Q

what is kinetochore?

A

in centromere; aids in separating sister chromatids

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22
Q

what is a centromere?

A
  • connects chromatids
    -attach point of kinetic fibres during mitosis
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23
Q

what is a sister chromatid?

A

identical copy of chromatid

24
Q

what occurs during prophase?

A

-chromatin coils & condenses -> chromosome
-nucleoli + nucleur membr. break down
-centrioles go to opposite poles
-spindle fibres appear & attach to kinetochore

25
Q

what happens during metaphase?

A
  • spindle fibres from opp. poles tug sister chromatids & line them up on equator of cell
26
Q

what happens during anaphase?

A

-centromeres split & sister chromatids separate into indiv. daughter chromosomes
-move to opposite poles via spindle fibres
-chromatids elongate
-cleavage furrow formed

27
Q

what happens during telophase?

A
  • new chromosomes elongate
    -nuclear env. forms
    -spindle fibres dissapear
    -chromosomes uncoil -> chromatin
    -cytokinesis
    -M ends & cells reenter interphase
28
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A
  • occurs during A+T, cytoplasm divided & physically splits into 2 daughter cells
29
Q

what is meiosis?

A
  • cell div/repl for sex cells (produces gametes)
  • M1 & M2
  • 1 replication, 2 divisions
30
Q

what is diploid?

A

2n - most cells
- 2 sets of chromosomes
-undergo mitosis

31
Q

what is haploid?

A

n - gametes
- 1 set of chromosomes
- formed by meiosis

32
Q

what happens during prophase I

A
  • homo chromosomes line up to form TETRAD via synapsis
33
Q

what is synapsis?

A

-crossing over; exchange of genetic material
-contain 23 pairs each

34
Q

what happens during metaphase I

A
  • homologs line up & equator
    -tetrads stay together
    -lining up is randomized (genetic variation)
35
Q

how are tetrads aligned in the middle?

A
  • microtubule attach to kinetochore (inside centromere)
36
Q

what happens during anaphase I

A
  • homologs separate (tetrad 4 -> sister chr. 2)
    -each chromosome to opposite pole
    -indep. assortment (genetic variability)
37
Q

what happens during telophase I

A
  • cytoplasm divides
  • NOT identical
  • 2 haploid daughter cells
38
Q

what happens during prophase II

A
  • nucleur membrane breaks down
    -new spindle fibres
    -same as mitosis but sister chromatids NOT identical
39
Q

what happens during metaphase II

A
  • chromosomes line up at equator; single file
40
Q

what happens during anaphase II?

A
  • chromatids separate
    -move to opposite poles
    -half genetic material on each side bc no replication
41
Q

what happens during telophase II?

A
  • nuclear membrane forms
  • 4 haploid daughter cells (each genetically unique from parent) w/23 indiv. chromosomes
    -males: 4 sperm, female: 1 ovum
42
Q

what are cyclins?

A

regulatory proteins
(how/when/how often)

43
Q

what are CDK?

A

cyclin dependent kinases;
- enzymes (regulatory)
- regulated by cyclins

44
Q

what is atrophy

A

decrease in cell size

45
Q

what is hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

46
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

excessive cell production

47
Q

what is dysplasia

A

abnormal change in shape, size, organization of cells

48
Q

what is neoplasm

A

new mass of cells (tumor)
- can be benign or malignant

49
Q

what is anaplasia

A
  • failure to differentiate
    -> leukemia (over prod. of immature cells)
50
Q

what is necrosis

A

cell death - not natural, from damage

51
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death - natural

52
Q

what does cancer often present with?

A
  • hyperplasia
    -dysplasia
    -anaphasia
    -decreased apoptosis
53
Q

what happens for a tumor to grow?

A

rate of growth exceeeds rate of apoptosis

54
Q

what is a benign tumor

A

remains in tissue where it originated (less bad)

55
Q

what is a malignant tumor

A

does not stay in tissue of origin, fast replicating

56
Q

what is metastasis

A

act of moving from OG tissue (happens w/ malignant)

BIOL 1001 (15 decks)

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