Chem Review Crash Course

Question 1

What elements make up 96% of the entire body mass?

Answer 1

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

Question 2

what is a compound?

Answer 2

atoms of 2 or more elements

Question 3

what is an isotope?

Answer 3

element with:
same number of protons, different number of neutrons and mass #

Question 4

what are radioisotopes?

Answer 4

-unstable, emit nuclear particles & radiation (alpha, betta, gamma rays)
-important in diagnoses & treatment of some medical conditions

Question 5

what are 3 types of chemical bonds?

Answer 5

• ionic (metal + non metal); separate into ions in H2O
  -covalent (non metal + non metal); share electrons
  -hydrogen bonds; unequal charge

Question 6

what are characteristics of water?

Answer 6

• polar molecule (unequal e sharing)
  -most abundant compound in body

Question 7

what are free radicals?

Answer 7

-unstable atoms
-contain 1+ unpaired electron (OH, O2-)
-believed to contribute to aging and disease

Question 8

what are antioxidants?

Answer 8

• give up e- without becoming free radicals
  -help prevent damage to our cells/tissues

Question 9

what are 3 important chemical reactions in human physiology?

Answer 9

1. synthesis
   - new bonds, need energy
2. decomposition
   -bonds broken, energy released (coupled w/other rxns, energy used)
3. exchange
   -bonds broken in 2 separate compounds, one part of molecule is transfered to another

Question 10

what is catabolism and anabolism?

Answer 10

Catabolism: large broken into small, release energy
Anabolism: small made into big, often for storage

Question 11

what are the 4 major groups of organic compounds?

Answer 11

• carbohydrates
  -lipids
  -proteins
  -nucleic acids
  (used as building blocks for cellular components)

Question 12

what are carbohydrates composed of?

Answer 12

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (1:2:1 C:H:O)

Question 13

how are carbohydrates categorized?

Answer 13

mono - simple short chain
di- 2 mono
poly - 2+ long chain of mono

Question 14

what is an example of monosaccharides?

Answer 14

glucose, fructose

Question 15

what is an example of disaccharides?

Answer 15

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Question 16

what is an example of polysaccharides?

Answer 16

glycogen

Question 17

what are lipids composed of?

Answer 17

carbon and hydrogen (1:2 C:H, some have O)

Question 18

what are examples of lipid types?

Answer 18

fatty acids
glycerides
eicosanoids
steroids
phospholipids, glycolipids
(FGESP)

Question 19

what are fatty acids

Answer 19

long carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached

Question 20

what are triglycerides?

Answer 20

glycerol and 3 fatty acids; most abundant lipid

Question 21

what are phoshp&glyco lipids?

Answer 21

structural lipids bc of their roles in membrane structure

Question 22

what is the lipid bilayer composed of?

Answer 22

phospholipids w/ polar & non-polar ends to make it hydrophobic

Question 23

what are steroids?

Answer 23

• large lipid molecules that share a distinctive carbon-ring framework
  e.g. cholesterol

Question 24

what are prostaglandins?

Answer 24

short-chain fatty acids (5 carbon atoms joined in a ring)

Question 25

what are lipoproteins?

Answer 25

carrier molecules that transport hydrophobic lipids through the blood

Question 26

how do lipoproteins vary?

Answer 26

in size, density and ratio of protein:lipid content

Question 27

what are amino acids?

Answer 27

simple organic compounds (monomers) that combine to form proteins (polymers)

Question 28

describe the structure of amino acids:

Answer 28

• central carbon atom with 4 different groups attached;
  1. amino group
  2. carboxyl group
  3. R group
  4. hydrogen atom

Question 29

how can 2 amino acids be linked?

Answer 29

dehydration synthesis

Question 30

what is dehydration synthesis?

Answer 30

• via carboxyl group of one to the amino group of another
  -form peptide bonds

Question 31

what are the different classifications of peptides?

Answer 31

dipeptide; 2 amino acids
tripeptides & more = polypeptides
polypeptides greater than 100 = proteins

Question 32

what are 4 structures of proteins

Answer 32

primary, secondary, tertiary, quatrenary

Question 33

what is the primary structure of proteins?

Answer 33

sequence of AA in a linear chain

Question 34

what is the secondary structure of proteins?

Answer 34

• results from bonds btw atoms at different parts of the polypeptide chain
  -can form alpha helix (spiral) or beta sheet (flat)

Question 35

what is the tertiary structure of proteins?

Answer 35

-complex coiling and folding that gives proteins a 3D shape

Question 36

what is the quatrenary structure of proteins?

Answer 36

interaction btw individual polypeptide chains to form protein complex

Question 37

what can denature proteins?

Answer 37

-pH, temperture, chemicals, radiation

Question 38

why is denaturing of proteins bad?

Answer 38

• form = function
  -when shape changes, function deteriorates

Question 39

what is DNA and RNA?

Answer 39

nucleic acids

Question 40

what are nucleic acids?

Answer 40

large organic molecules composed of C, H, O, N and P

Question 41

what is the role of nucleic acids?

Answer 41

store and transfer information (essential to cellular protein synthesis)

Question 42

what does a nucleotide consist of?

Answer 42

phosphate group, 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), organic molecule (nitrogenous base) either purine or pyrimidine