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BIOL 1001 > Lecture 3 - Cell Metabolism > Flashcards

Lecture 3 - Cell Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

roles of enzymes

A

-functional proteins
-chemical catalysts
-reduce activation energy requirement
-regulate cell metabolism

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2
Q

what are enzymes

A

complex proteins (shape is complex)

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3
Q

what do enzymes often contain

A

cofactors and coenzymes

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4
Q

what is a cofactor

A

-non-protein inorganic ion or vitamin

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5
Q

what is a coenzyme

A

organic non protein;

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6
Q

what is the role of cofactors/coenzymes

A

enhance/inhibit function of enzyme/protein

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7
Q

what is an apoenzyme

A

protein with nothing attached to catalytic site

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8
Q

what is a holoenzyme

A

protein with fully bonded catalytic sites; active protein

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9
Q

what is lock and key?

A

substrate binding to very specifc active site

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10
Q

what is an allosteric effector

A

alters enzyme function by physically changing its shape

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11
Q

how do allosteric effectors work

A

bind to allosteric site & inhibits/activates enzyme (changes locks)

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12
Q

what are common allosteric effectors

A

pH, temp, ionizing radiation, cofactors, drugs, end products of pathways (accumulation)

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13
Q

what is end product inhibition

A

-negative feedback; prevents buildup
-end product of pathway can inhibit enzyme 1 to stop creating more

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14
Q

what is a proenzyme

A

inactive - supply waiting to react; waiting to do job until needed (requires biological change to be activated)

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15
Q

what is a kinase

A

-catalyse transfer of a P group
e.g. creatine kinase –> P from creatine phosphate to ADP –> creatine and ATP

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16
Q

what are protein kinases

A

active or inactive cell proteins
i.e. convert proenzymes to active form

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17
Q

what is cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 –> CO2 +H2O
broken down to 3 smaller pathways
- catabolism; produces energy by breaking down

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18
Q

what are the 3 smaller paths of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis
citric acid cycle
ETC

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19
Q

what is primarily used for energy/ATP production

A

glucose

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20
Q

where do most cellular activities tht need energy occur>

A

cytoplasm

21
Q

what are NADH and FADH?

A

high enery electron carriers; bring e- to ETC, help make ATP in ETC

22
Q

where is the enery stored in ATP, NADH, and FADH?

A

stored in bonds and broken down when needed

23
Q

what is the only substrate used for ATP synth in neural tissue?

A

glucose

24
Q

how much ATP does glucose catabolism produce?

A

30-32 ATP

25
Q

where does cellular respiration take place?

A

glycolysis - cytoplasm
rest in mitochondria

26
Q

what occurs during glycolysis

A

-glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate molecules
-small amnt of energy produced (ATP and NADH)
-pyruvate absorbed by mitochondria for next steps

27
Q

what are the 2 options after glycolysis that may take place

A

citric acid cycle or anaerobic pathway

28
Q

what determines which option is chosen

A

oxygen availability; CAC oxygen, AP no oxygen

29
Q

briefly describe CAC

A

pyruvic acid –> acetyl CoA & enter cycle
-each turn creates small amnt of ATP and NADH & FADH
-FADH and NADH enter ETC

30
Q

briefly describe anaerobic pathway

A

-pyruvic acid –> lactic acid
-changes 1 NADH back to NAD+ via fermentation
- lactate produced & forms lactic acid

31
Q

briefly describe the ETC

A

-final step in aerobic ATP production; most ATP prod
-e- transporters move electrons through various redox rxn
-H+ ions accumulate in matrix & diffuse down [] gradient (out of matrix)
- incr. ion flow = catalyst for ADP to ATP (ATP synthase)
-via mitochondriall proteins

32
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

-synthesis of ATP using ETC
-O required to bind e- and H+
-produces 90% of ATP
-gradual to not overwhelm w/ a lot of energy

33
Q

what is the difference between ETC and oxidative phosphorylation

A

ETC: series of proteins that transfer e- from donors to acceptors
OP: process by which energy released by these e- is used to generate ATP

34
Q

what are synthetic pathways used for

A

-make large/complex biomolecules (polysaccharides, lipids, proteins)
-need organic nutrients & lots of energy

35
Q

what is glycogenesis

A

-opposite of glyogenolysis
-indiv glucose –> form glycogen

36
Q

where is glycogen stored

A

liver & skeletal muscle is main, RBC dont have

37
Q

how do muscles use glycogen

A

easily broken down for ready supply of energy for muscle contraction

38
Q

how does liver use glycogen

A

energy supply between meals

39
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

-making new glucose from non glucose precursor
- basically reverse glycosis
-used if glucose and glycogen stores are depleted

40
Q

what are some non glucose precursors that can be used for gluconeogenesis

A

-glycerol
-AA
-lactate

41
Q

where are most lipids synthesized

A

smooth ER and cytosol

42
Q

what occurs during fatty acid synthase

A
  • breakdown of excess AA or carbs to make acetyl-CoA
43
Q

what is acetyl CoA

A

common intermediary factor in anaerobic pathways and catabolism

44
Q

what is cholesterol

A

-important in cell membranes & steroid hormones
-mostly from eating animal products
-can synthesize starting w/acetyl CoA

45
Q

what is glycerol

A

-made from glucose or products from glycolysis
-glycolysis intermediates

46
Q

what happens when the body uses fat as a source of energy

A

glycerol and fatty acids are released into the blood stream

47
Q

when does fatigue occur

A

when there is a lack of energy for muscle contraction

48
Q

what are approx. normal supplies of energy

A

4000kcal as glycogen or 10000 kcal as lipids

49
Q

why are lipids not used more often to make energy

A

-take more time to produce, body does not want to take the harder route to produce more energy
-cant keep up w/energy requirements

BIOL 1001 (15 decks)

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