Lecture 1 - Anatomy and Physiology

Question 1

What is Gross Anatomy?

Answer 1

study of the body & parts with the naked eye; no microscope needed

Question 2

What are the main levels of organization?

Answer 2

Chemical, Organelle, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, System

Question 3

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 3

• reference point
  -body erect: arms at sides, palms forward, head & feet pointing forward

Question 4

What does ipsilateral mean?

Answer 4

affects only one side

Question 5

What does Contralateral mean?

Answer 5

affects both sides (different spots)

Question 6

What does Bilateral mean?

Answer 6

affects the same area on both sides

Question 7

Define Superior & Inferior:

Answer 7

Superior: towards head, upper, above
Inferior: towards feet, lower, below
(e.g. the knees are inferior to the hips)

Question 8

Define Anterior and Posterior:

Answer 8

Anterior: front, in front of, ventral
Posterior: back, in back of, dorsal

Question 9

Define Medial and Lateral

Answer 9

Medial: Towards midline
Lateral: towards side, away from midline
(e.g. the nasal region medial to the orbital region)

Question 10

Define Proximal & Distal

Answer 10

Proximal: toward/nearest trunk (where limbs are attached)
Distal: away/furthest from trunk
(e.g. the knee is proximal compared with the sole of foot)

Question 11

Define Superficial and Deep

Answer 11

Superficial: closer to the surface
Deep: farther from surface

Question 12

What is the Lumen?

Answer 12

the inner hollow area of some organs (stomach, artery)

Question 13

Define Central & Peripheral

Answer 13

Central; near center
Peripheral; around the boundary

Question 14

What are the preferred terms for Central and Peripheral?

Answer 14

Medullary: inner part of an organ
Cortical: outer part or outer layer of an organ

Question 15

Define Basal and Apical with reference to cone shaped organs

Answer 15

Basal: Base, Widest part (not always the bottom; the heart is the middle)
Apical: narrow tip (like the lungs)

Question 16

What are the three anatomical planes?

Answer 16

Transverse, Sagital and Frontal

Question 17

Which plane is pictured on the left?

Answer 17

Transverse

Question 18

Which plane is pictured on the right?

Answer 18

Sagital

Question 19

Which plane is pictured in the middle?

Answer 19

Frontal

Question 20

What is perisagital?

Answer 20

when the split is not equal in half

Question 21

What are the three ways to cut sections?

Answer 21

Oblique (at an angle), Transverse & Longitudinal

Question 22

What is the dorsal cavity comprised of?

Answer 22

Cranial and spinal cavity (filled with CSF)

Question 23

What is the ventral cavity comprised of?

Answer 23

Thoracic, Pleural, Mediastinum, Diaphragm, Abdominal, Abdominopelvic, Pelvic cavities

Question 24

What lines each of the cavities?

Answer 24

Thin filmy membranes;
- visceral: covering organs (viscera) within a cavity
- parietal: lines the membrane of the cavity

Question 25

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic region?

Answer 25

Right upper, Left upper, Right lower, Left lower

Question 26

What is homeostasis?

Answer 26

• relatively constant state maintained by body
  -can be altered by stressors

Question 27

What are the 3 main components of homeostatic regulation?

Answer 27

• Sensor mechanism (nerves in body/skin)
  -Intergrating (control center): brain, glands, cells
  -Effector mechanism –> directly influence controlled physiological variables (muscles)

Question 28

What are the different levels of control for homeostasis?

Answer 28

Intracellular: within that specific cell
Intrinsic: from one cell or one group of cells to another
Extrinsic: one system to another

Question 29

What is negative feedback control?

Answer 29

-inhibitory
-stabilizes physioligical variables by producing an action that is opposite to the change that activated it
-more common than pos.

Question 30

What is a positive feedback loop?

Answer 30

-stimulatory
-amplify/reinforce change occuring
-destabilize effects and disrupt homeostasis
-such as child birth!; oxytocin