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Neuroscience > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What develops 16 weeks after fertilization?

A

cerebral expansion and commissures

prosencephalon develops dramatically

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2
Q

What develops 3 months after fertilization?

A

basic structures established

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3
Q

What develops 5 months after fertilization?

A

CNS myelination begins

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4
Q

What develops 7 months after fertilization?

A

lobed cerebrum

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5
Q

What develops 9 months after fertilization?

A

gyri and sulci

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6
Q

What do cells have to do during development?

A

migrate
differentiate
become defined

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7
Q

What are commissures?

A

Connections between the brain and the heart

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8
Q

What are the composition changes in myelin?

A

galactolipids and protein compounds increase

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9
Q

When does myelin form?

A

5 months post fertilization in humans

10 days post fertilization in rats

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10
Q

How much “body weight” do oligodendrocytes produce perday?

A

3 times

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11
Q

When does myelination stop?

A

Most over by two years but some in late teens (in neocortex)

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12
Q

When are critical periods of development and how were they found?

A

6th week, 9th week, 5th to 10th weeks

Rubella infection

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13
Q

What abnormalities occur if the fetus is infected with rubella before the 6th week?

A

Eye malformations e.g. cataract

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14
Q

What abnormalities occur if the fetus is infected with rubella before the 9th week?

A

Deafness (organ of corti)

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15
Q

What abnormalities occur if the fetus is infected with rubella before the 5th to 10th week period?

A

Cardiac malformalities

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16
Q

What disorders can form in the second trimester?

A

CNS disorders

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17
Q

When does the risk of abnormalities fall?

A

16 weeks

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18
Q

Why is the fetus susceptible to fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

Alcohol causes placenta
Fetus doesn’t clear alcohol well
Fetal levels higher

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19
Q

What are major symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome?

A 
facial abnormalities
microcephaly
loss of cells
loss of fibers e.g. callosal agenesis
Disturbed migration
Irritability - neurons are more excitable
Motor and intellectual impairment
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20
Q

Name two examples of drugs of abuse and disorders that can be caused by them

A 
Opiates
- neonatal withdrawal
Cocaine 
- hypoxia, abortion, withdrawal, cognition
Ecstasy
- long-term FX on hippocampus, other FX certain
Cannabis
- long-term cognitive FX
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21
Q

What animal model was used to study drugs of abuse?

A

rhesus monkeys

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22
Q

Whereabouts of the brain does cocaine affect?

A

Where mitosis occurs

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23
Q

What is the speed of conduction during the neonatal period?

A

20-25 m/s

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24
Q

What is the speed of conduction during the first six months after birth?

A

32-50 m/s

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25
Q

What is the speed of conduction during the 6th to 12th month after birth?

A

33-60 m/s

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26
Q

What is the speed of conduction from the 12th to 24th month after birth?

A

40-60 m/s = adult speed

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27
Q

Why is it important to discuss when the fetus starts to feel pain?

A
  • Increasing use of interventional procedures and abortion debate
  • Sentient conscious aspect of independent human
  • Difficult to come to a conclusion; series of effects need to happen for the possibility to feel pain
  • Somatosensory input
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28
Q

What can be the “series of effects” that need to happen for the possibility of pain?

A

Receptors must connect to the PNS/hypothalamus to relay signals
Connections and structures must be present

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29
Q

What are examples of somatosensory input?

A

Pain requires connection of receptors, sensory neurons, thalamasu and cortex

30
Q

When does innervation of dermal skin and subdermal skin happen?

A

dermal: 28 weeks
subdermal: 6-8 weeks

31
Q

What happens from 8 weeks?

A

DRG connection (non-noxious)

32
Q

What happens from 19+ weeks?

A

C-fiber (noxious stimuli) connection

33
Q

When does reflex response to noxious stimuli happen in preterm infants?

A

23 weeks

34
Q

Is a reflex response a conscious perception of pain?

A

no

35
Q

What happens from 28 weeks?

A

facial responses to heel lancing

36
Q

Is a sub-plate considered a cortex?

A

No; it is a developing cortex

37
Q

The organized thalamus forms when?

A

8+weeks

38
Q

When do retinal inputs arrive?

A

14-16 weeks

39
Q

What happens at 25 weeks?

A

Myelination

40
Q

What happens at 24 weeks?

A

Connections from the thalamus to cortex form.

41
Q

When do evoked potentials in the cortex form?

A

From 29 weeks or earlier

42
Q

What do recent studies suggest when finding the beginning period of pain?

A

24 weeks because cortical responses have been found

43
Q

What are well-developed at birth?

A

taste, smell, hearing

44
Q

Is there a difference between bottle-fed and breast-fed babies?

A

Breast-fed babies can differentiate between their mother and other woman’s breast pads while bottle-fed babies prefer any lactating female

45
Q

From what period can babies locate sounds?

A

3 days

46
Q

From when do the eyes become vision-sensitive?

A

7 months

47
Q

Are the optic nerves myelinated at birth?

A

no

48
Q

When does vision become sharper?

A

6 months?

49
Q

Why does vision become sharper overtime?

A

Development of ocular dominance columns

50
Q

When is color vision considered to be good?

A

2 months

51
Q

Where do babies writhe?

A

E28-32

52
Q

Name 7 examples of postnatal reflexes?

A 
Moro (startle) complex
Stepping
Palmar grasp
Swimming
Babinski reflex
Rooting
Sucking
53
Q

What is the moro complex?

A

baby supine - remove head support
trunk extension
cycle of limb extension (adbuction from midline)
and limb flexion (adduction to midline)

54
Q

When does the moro complex go away?

A

after 3 months

55
Q

What is stepping?

A

Holding up feet onto surface

56
Q

When does stepping go away?

A

After 6 weeks

57
Q

What is the Palmar Grasp?

A

May support own weight and is involved in the development of inhibition

58
Q

When does the palmar grasp go away?

A

3-4 months

59
Q

Does swimming happen in all babies?

A

no

60
Q

When does swimming go away?

A

After 4-6 months

61
Q

What is the Babinski-reflex?

A

Neonates fan toes when sole is stroked?

62
Q

What happens to the Babinski reflex as an adult?

A

Adults curl their toes instead of fanning

63
Q

What happens to adults with descending motor tract damage?

A

Adults start to fan toes

64
Q

What are examples of descending motor tract damage causes?

A

MS, spinal cord damage

65
Q

What is rooting?

A

When the baby opens the mouth and moves the head about for nipple seeking after their cheek is stroked

66
Q

When does rooting go away?

A

after 4-7 months

67
Q

What are examples of co-ordinated responses post birth?

A

reaching

language development

68
Q

When does reaching start?

A

5 months old

69
Q

When do babies start to attain objects from reaching?

A

8-9 months old

70
Q

When do infants start to sow adult motor patterns?

A

2 years old

Neuroscience (28 decks)

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