Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 lobes of the cerebrum called?

A
  1. frontal
  2. parietal
  3. occipital
  4. temporal
  5. central (insula)
  6. limbic
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2
Q

What happens to the space occupying legion in the parietal lobe?

A

Debulked

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3
Q

Which layer is the thickest in the visual lobe?

A

III 3a, 3b, 3c

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4
Q

What do the cells of the visual lobe do?

A

Import visual information to the motor cortex

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5
Q

What are the thickest layers in the motor cortex?

A

V and VI

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6
Q

What did Brodmann discover?

A

He used Nissl staining to see that each area has discrete patches

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7
Q

According to the Brodmann’s map what are areas IV, XVII and I?

A

IV: motor cortex
XVII: visual cortex
I: sensory cortex

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8
Q

What is the cortical structure?

A

Has layers of neocortex

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9
Q

What is distinctive about neocortex II, IV and V?

A

II: small pyramidal cells
IV: stellate cells
V: large pyramidal cells

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10
Q

Who is Phineas Gage?

A

Someone who had damage to the frontal lobe and became aggressive and a drunk as a result

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11
Q

What has the case of Phineas Gage proven?

A

That the orbital frontal lobe contributes to personality

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12
Q

What is Brocha’s aphasia?

A

“Expressive aphasia”

Impaired speech; odd word structure, grammer and syntax

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13
Q

How is Brocha’s aphasia typically caused?

A

Left frontal lobe damage

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14
Q

What is Wernick’s aphasia?

A

“Fluent aphasia”

A receptive aphasia in which the speaker seems fluent but uses contrived/inappropriate words. Lacks comprehension

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15
Q

How is Wernick’s aphasia typically caused?

A

Posterior temporal lobe damage

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16
Q

What are examples of methods of modern mapping?

A

PET scanning
Functional MRI (fMRI)
Regional blood flow

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17
Q

How was PET scanning used to see the function of areas involved in language?

A
  1. Visual cortex:
    The word “car” is seen in the visual cortex
  2. Primary auditory complex (Wernick’s area):
    Wernick’s area conceives of he verb “drive” to go with “car”
  3. Premotor cortex (Brocha’s area)
    Brocha’s area compiles a motor program to speak the word “drive”
  4. Primary motor cortex
    The primary mortor cortex executes the program and the word is spoken.
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18
Q

How does PET scanning work?

A
  1. Inject radioactivity glucose
  2. produces gamma rays
  3. glucose is taken up in part of the brain
  4. hat part is being activated
    (diagostics than research)
19
Q

What is advantage and disadvantage of PET scanning in brain mapping?

A

Pros: Can see changes happening in real time
Cons: Images are blurred

20
Q

How does fMRI scanning work?

A

Looks for bloodflow in the brain;
more active means more blood
able to detect changes in bloodflow
overlay image over structure of brain

21
Q

What are the advantages of fMRI?

A

better spacial recognition and the test subject can do various tasks in the MRI machine

22
Q

What is the association cortex?

A

Most cortical area: the “silent” areas that support the primary cortex

23
Q

What does the association cortex do?

A

Input from many sources - modalities

24
Q

Is the association complex highly developed in humans?

25
What is the left hemisphere mostly lateralized for?
speech, calculation, analysis
26
What is the right hemisphere mostly lateralized for?
spatial, conceptual, artistic
27
How does lateralization occur?
Differential hemisphere gene expressionin development
28
How does alien hand phenomenon occur?
Through callodectermy
29
What is the alien hand phenomenon?
E.g. can draw a circle using one hand while drawing a square with another
30
Where is the basal ganglia located?
Deep within hemispheres
31
What is the basal ganglia associated with?
Movement
32
What are disorders associated with the basal ganglia?
Parkingson's and Huntington's
33
What does the striatum consist of?
Caudate and putamen
34
What does the limbic system control?
Reticular formation; emotions, memory, motivation
35
What are two structures that are part of the limbic system?
Hippocampus and amygdala, hypothalamus and thalamus
36
What is a condition caused by a severed fornix?
Capgrar syndrome: emotional and memory parts are severed
37
What is an example of someone with Capgrar syndrome?
A man cannot recognize his mother and thinks she is an imposter
38
What has Capgrar syndrome suggested?
Emotions intertwine with memory alongside images
39
What do the association fibers, th commissural fibers and the projection fibers form?
Cerebral fiber tracts
40
What do the association fibers do?
Link areas within a hemisphere
41
What do the commissural fibers do?
Connect between hemispheres
42
What do the projection fibers do?
Link to non-cortical areas
43
What are the components of the association fibers?
``` arcuate fibers longitudinal fascicula corpus callosum internal capsule anterior commissure ```