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Neuroscience > Lecture 25 > Flashcards

Lecture 25 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Procedural memory?

A

Skills and association largely unavailable to conscious mind

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2
Q

What is Declarative memory?

A

Available to conscious mind. Can be encoded in symbols and language

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3
Q

How long does immediate memory last?

A

Few seconds

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4
Q

How long does short-term memory last?

A

Seconds or minutes

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5
Q

What is a type of short-term memory which has a limited capacity?

A

Working memory

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6
Q

How long does long-term memory last?

A

Days, months, years

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7
Q

How can long-term memories be triggered?

A

Random events

e. g. olfactory systems
- smells can trigger events that happened many years ago

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8
Q

What does the pre-frontal cortex store?

A

Working memory

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9
Q

Which structure is essential for converting short to long term memory and stores declarative memory?

A

the hippocampus

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10
Q

What does the amygdala do?

A

Multiple, processed sensory inputs (smell)

Implicit/emotional/learnt fear

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11
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Procedural, sensorimotor

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12
Q

What do hippocampal lesions cause?

A

Memory loss

Not able to remember declarative memories

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13
Q

What are two theories in which London taxi drivers have larger hippocampuses?

A

Hippocampus grows with experience

People have larger hippocampus which shrinks over time when lacking stimulation

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14
Q

What is the structure of the hippocampus?

A 
Three layered cortex
Unusual development
 - layers wrap around one another
 - invagination occurs then fusion
Contains different cells
Choroid plexus is the main output
 - neurons project to different parts of the brain
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15
Q

How are long-term memories stored?

A

Distributed - changes all over the brain

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16
Q

What is the theory of Reverberating circuits?

A

Memory is not static and stored but some form of constant activity in neurons which can be triggered by some other events

17
Q

What is the Hebbian synapse concept?

A

Activity modifiable plastic synapse
Memory is a change in synapse between two neurons
Synapse can become weaker or stronger depending on activity

18
Q

What is Facilitation?

A

Synapse become stronger

19
Q

What is Depression?

A

Synapse become weaker

20
Q

What are merits of Depression?

A

Can lead to different acquisition or memory, so not necessarily “forgetting”
Can be presynaptic, postsynaptic, and depends on different types of memory

21
Q

What processes affect memory and synaptic plasticity?

A

Short term:
Ca availability/vesicle depletion
Long term:
Sustained

22
Q

What affects Long-term potentiation (LTP)?

A

LTP in hippocampal slices (and elsewhere)

CA1, CA3: connected with each other with a synapse

23
Q

What is post-“tetanic” LTP?

A

Can record from CA1 and CA3 neurons

- stimulate electrode and record synaptic potentials

24
Q

What do high frequency bursts do?

A 
1000Hz
neurons starts changing
Amplitude of EPSP will increase
Can last for years (or even decades!)
Specific to input
 e.g. Different stimulatory electrodes
When only CA1 is stimulated CA3 doesn't change
 - long term specifity
25
Q

What causes paired LTP?

A

Simultaneous depolarization of both neurons trigger long term potentiation
- decrease in EPSP
- can last for a long time
Associativity
- link between stimuli e.g. Pavlovian dog
- mechanisms that explains associative form of memory (simultaneous depolarization)

26
Q

Where does Long term depression (LTD) occur?

A

Cerebellum

27
Q

What happens when LTD occurs?

A

Decrease in amplitude of EPSP
Certain stimulation on neurons decrease EPSP and amplitude
Not simultaneous

28
Q

What is an animal model for memory investigations?

A

Aplysia californica

- different invertebrates experience variety of memories

29
Q

How does Aplysia californica act as a good animal model?

A 
Gill withdrawal reflex
 - animal doesn't like to be touched
 - withdraws gills into body
Have big neurons (easy to record)
Simple nervous system (Humans: billions of neurons, Aplysia: thousands of neurons)
30
Q

What does Gill habituation reflex show?

A

Habituation
- keep touching gills then animal stops withdrawing gilk
Short-term sensitization
Long-term sensitization

31
Q

What are two types of conditioning?

A

Classical (pavlovian) and operant (skinner)

32
Q

How would short-term sensitization show in Aplysia?

A

Repeated gentle stimuli to siphon causes reduced gill withdrawal
Pair single tail pinch (aversive) with siphon touch
- Re-establish siphon reflex
- Short-term 60 mins

33
Q

How would long-term sensitization show in Aplysia?

A

Repeated pairing of siphon touch and tail pinch

Non-habituating siphon/gill reflex

34
Q

What is needed in LTP and LTD?

A

Require receptor activation (glutamate, serotonin)
- post-synaptic
- AMPA receptors
- NMDA receptors
Second messengers (cAMP, Ca)
Involve biochemical and structural pre and post synaptic changes

35
Q

How are AMPA receptors involved in LTP and LTD?

A

Ionotropic regulated by glutamate
Open as long as glutamate is bound
Responsible for depolarization

36
Q

How are NMDA receptors involved in LTP and LTD?

A

Ca channel

Flow of Ca is important

37
Q

What is considered to be important in memory formation?

A

Altered synaptic responsivity

38
Q

What is needed to long-term changes?

A

Require protein phosphorylation changes in early stages

Require protein synthesis for late stages

39
Q

How does LTP occur?

A

Evidence suggests often a post-synaptic event
Most indicate a critical role for Ca
Involves trafficking of AMPA receptors to the post-synaptic membrane

Neuroscience (28 decks)

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